Commonly Confused Words Discreet and Discrete

Though â€Å"discreet† and â€Å"discrete† look and sound similar, the minor difference in spelling represents a major difference in definition. Both stem from the Latin word â€Å"discretus,† meaning â€Å"to separate,† but one refers to being cautious, while the other refers to something that is individual and separate.  Ã‚  Ã‚   How to Use Discreet An adjective, â€Å"discreet† means self-restrained, prudent, cautious, or tactful, and often is used in reference to speech. It is something that is done under the radar, and is unlikely to get attention or cause offense. It can be used to describe someone who is private and cautious, or who understands the consequence of sharing certain or private information. We might ask if someone is  discreet, meaning we can trust them to not share information we would prefer to keep private. The noun forms are â€Å"discretion† and â€Å"discreetness.† How to Use Discrete Also an adjective, â€Å"discrete† means individual, detached, or separate. It is often used less than â€Å"discreet,† and is generally more technical. The noun form is â€Å"discreteness.†Ã‚   Examples Invisible hearing aids are becoming more popular among those who want to be  discreet about their hearing loss: In this sentence, â€Å"discreet† is used to indicate that those who are losing their hearing want to keep this information private, choosing options that are subtle and unobtrusive.The average person can hold seven  discrete bits of information in his or her head at a time: Here, â€Å"discrete† indicates that a person can remember seven different pieces of information, such as the seven digits that make up a phone number.  When the company made an effort to hire younger workers, many other applicants called this ageism, arguing they should focus on  discrete variables apart from age: In this example, â€Å"discrete† means variables that are separate from age, as job applicants argue that birth date should not trump other qualities.  To subtly let Emilio know that his time was running out during his speech, Clara  discreetly cleared her thr oat: In this example, Clara is clearing her throat in a way that is tactful and understated, letting Emilio know to finish his speech without alerting the rest of the audience.  When the man was talking loudly on his phone while ordering his coffee, the barista and I exchanged  discrete glances of irritation: In this sentence, â€Å"discrete† shows how the glances were relatively unnoticeable to the man in question, able to communicate annoyance without letting him know.  To avoid anyone figuring out he was Batman, Bruce Wayne had to be very  discreet about his activities: In this example, Bruce has to make sure that his connection to Batman is not noticeable and that any behavior related to his secret superhero identity is under-the-radar.Electricity is composed of  discrete particles of equal size: This sentence uses â€Å"discrete† to indicate that the particles composing electricity are distinct and separate, even if they are the same size.  The clients appreciated Sharon’s  discretion, trusting her with their more sensitive information: Sharon’s ability to be prudent and reserved makes her more valued to clients, who know that she will keep their information private.   How to Remember the Difference It’s no surprise that the two homonyms are the subject of so much confusion: they both emerged in the 14th century, but â€Å"discrete† fell out of common usage for about 200 years—though its spelling didnt. Those writing â€Å"discreet† spelled it in a variety of ways, including â€Å"discrete,† â€Å"discreet,† â€Å"dyscrete,† and â€Å"discreete.† The difference between the two spellings only became popularized in the 16th century, when both ways of spelling and meanings became more defined.   Remember the difference by thinking of the placement of the â€Å"e†s in both. Unlike in  discreet, in  discrete, they are separate, and â€Å"discrete† means separate or detached.

Economic Viewpoint of the Circular Flow Model - 939 Words

Economic Viewpoint The circular flow model begins with consumer spending (Circular Flow of Economic Activity, 1999). Consumer spending drives the amount of business investments, which, in turn, creates more jobs that allow consumers more money to spend. When employment drops, jobs decrease, leaving consumers with less money to spend, which slows the economy. As employment rises, jobs are created that allow consumers more money to spend that speeds up the economy. When the government reduces spending, less money is put into public programs that in turn create jobs in the economy. As a result of fewer jobs, less goods and services are given to the economy. This provides less consumer spending and will slow the economy down to the extent the government reduces the funds to the programs. When households increase savings consumers are spending less on goods and services. This will slow down the amounts businesses invest in the creation of jobs, which, in turn, slow down the amount of mone y consumers have to spend. When this happens the economy will also slow down. The United States has a mixed economy because privately owned business and the government play a role (State, 2013). The US has a free enterprise system that emphasizes private ownership and private business produces most of the goods and services. The supply and demand determines the prices of goods and services. The prices, then, tells business what to produce. The government is primarily responsible forShow MoreRelatedOpen Closed Systems1178 Words   |  5 Pageswill also be explaining the inner and outer flows for both the closed and the open systems. I will then define and explain the leakages in an open system and define and explain the injections in an open system. Lastly, I will provide a personal example of a leakage and describe and explain it. 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Fundamentals of Local Area Networks Free Essays

1. A family wishes to connect several devices to share an internet connection and a Bluetooth wireless printer. They have three personal computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Local Area Networks or any similar topic only for you Order Now One is in the same room as the printer. The other two are together in another room. In addition, they want to utilize the network for an internet-enabled television and a VoIP phone. †¢Describe what network device or devices you would recommend they purchase and explain why. My recommendations for this family are to subscribe to a cable internet or DSL service provider. They will need a modem which acts as the gateway for their network. I would have then purchase a wireless Concurrent dual band 802. 11n router and wiring that connect the modem to the router. This would allow them to connect all of their devices over a wireless network and would enable them to send print jobs to the printer through the Bluetooth connection; they will be able to connect their internet-enabled TV thru the wireless network. I would recommend them to purchase a VoIP phone that can be connected into their computer or router. I feel that this would be the simplest solution for this family. Describe the media utilized. The type of media that will be utilized is wireless 802. 11 for the network and 802. 15. 3 for the Bluetooth printer (Kay, 2006). 2. An enterprise level company wishes to set up a network to support several hundred business users as well as manufacturing equipment in a new building. Describe what network device or devices you would recommend they purchase and explain why. My recommendations would be they purchase: Network swi tch this is a network appliance used for routing information from one computer to another similar. Routers act as a network gateway, and are often used between an organization’s local network and the Internet this would give them a good firewall. Bridges help to direct the traffic over the network. Cat 6 cabling will be used to connect each work station. Fiber-optic cabling will be used to connect hubs to each other. Servers they will manage the access service in the network. †¢Make a list describing different common types of server applications. File serving allows users to share information over the network. The main purpose of a file server is to reduce the amount of storage programs, applications, and files take up on a client’s workstation. A file server can also house database table information (White, 2011). Mail serving is a computer that keeps a record of each email that goes in and out of the network (White, 2011). Print serving usually a computer that is connected to one or more printers that other client workstations can connect to, that accepts print jobs and sends them to the appropriate printer or assigns the print jobs the appropriate priority (White, 2011). Video/media serving this allows for streaming of videos on demand, and for the storage, and recall, of digital media, including pictures, music, and videos (White, 2011). Monitoring and Distributed Processing can s be utilized to monitor network resources and health, but when workstations are idle, the processor’s power can be put to good use by applying that power to other processes, thus by increasing overall efficiency (White, 2011). †¢Show which of these applications would you combine together on a single server and which you would use separate servers for. Explain your choices of which to combine and which to leave separate. The applications I would combine are the mail serving, file serving, video/media serving because combining these file will save a lot of storage space. This is the setup we have at my job and it works well. 3. For the network that you have chosen to characterize, identify all network devices utilized and explain the purpose of each in the network. The following devices make up my network a cable modem, this act as the gateway to the internet. A wireless router this device connects all the computers and printer to my network, allowing them to communicate and access the internet. Through the wireless access to the network, they will also have access to the print server, which is housed on the main computer, and thus the printer. References: Kay, R. (2006). UWB, Bluetooth and IEEE 802. 15. 3 Retrieved from: http://www. computerworld. com/s/article/110298/UWB_Bluetooth_and_IEEE_802. 15. 3 White, C. (2011). Data Communications and Computer Networks. (6th ed. ). Cengage Learning. Unit 5 Assignment Rubric Project Requirements|Possible Points|Earned Points| A family wishes to connect several devices to share an internet connection and a bluetooth wireless printer. They have three personal computers. One is in the same room as the printer. The other two are together in another room. In addition, they want to utilize the network for an internet-enabled television and a VoIP phone. Describe what network device or devices you would recommend they purchase and explain why. Also describe the media utilized. Note, you are not required to detail the topology utilized, but thinking about this will help you to choose and justify your device choices. |15|| An enterprise level company wishes to set up a network to support several hundred business users as well as manufacturing equipment in a new building. Describe what network device or devices you would recommend they purchase and explain why. Note, you are not required to detail the media or topology utilized, but thinking about these will help you to choose and justify your device choices. 15|| Make a list describing different common types of server applications. Show which of these applications you would combine together on a single server and which you would use separate servers for. Explain your choices of which to combine and which to leave separate. |10|| For the network that you have chosen to characterize, identify all network devices utilized and explain the purpose of each in the network. |15|| Total (Sum of all points)|55|| Point deducted for spelling, grammar and/or APA errors|| Adjusted Total points||| How to cite Fundamentals of Local Area Networks, Papers

Information Technology in Courier Business for Online Tracking

Question: Discuss about theInformation Technology in Courier Business for Online Tracking. Answer: Information technology is a platform that has widely gained acceptance due to the fact that it has the ability to fetch, store and modulate the data that is being passed through the platform. Modulation of the data serves as the major use of the information technology (Saleh, et al 2016). This report will discuss about importance of information technology in courier services. The benefits of using information technology in courier services are as followed: - Online tracking The main advantage that information technology provides in the field of business and courier service is the aspect of tracking a shipped product while it is in the process of being delivered (Grondys, Sukiennik Sikora, 2016). The status of the deliverable is visible in both the ends as the data base gets auto updated and both the sender and the receiver is able to keep a constant track on the deliverable that is to be delivered. The online tracking also saves the receiver from wastage of time due to waiting for the product to reach them. This service of providing online tracking service of a product increases the efficiency of the business. Online deliver of goods In todays world the most important aspect of the global society is lack of time due to the busy schedule of their corporate life. Due to lack of time the entire business courier service was facing a serious loss as the time taken to process the courier system was very high until the information technology was introduced in the platform (Alavi Yoo, 2015). After introduction of the information technology in the platform of courier service the entire process has become very time saving. Clients can order products online and send them to the desired location without performing any job manually. The product reaches its desired location in time. This entire process saves a lot of time of the sender as well as the person to whom the product will be delivered because the person to whom the good is to be delivered stays auto updated about the status of the product. Usage of GPS system The modern business techniques of courier services include the benefits of using the GPS system in order to track the location of vehicles and track the congestion of traffic on streets (Jafri, et al 2015). After plotting the congestion of traffic the delivery to be made can be processed faster as the time taken to deliver the item decreases as during the delivery of the product it does not face any congestion in traffic and make its way faster through the less congested streets. Providing satisfaction to the clients With increase in growth in the field of courier services, delivering product is not the only aim of the courier service companies. The target of the companies has been to deliver satisfaction to the clients in order to maintain the goodwill of the organization. This entire process is done by taking reviews of the clients through online data base. The clients provide the reviews regarding the delivery of the product to the receiver. From the above discussion it can be concluded that the emergence of usage of information technology in courier services have been beneficial to the courier service business. Reference Sweis, R. J., Saleh, R. A., Al-Etayyem, R. H., Qasrawi, B. T., Mahmoud, A. M. A. (2016). Total quality management practices and organisational performance in Jordanian courier services.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,19(2), 258-276. Alavi, M., Yoo, Y. (2015). Use Information Technology for Organizational Change.Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior, 595-614. Javaid, N., Jafri, M. R., Khan, Z. A., Qasim, U., Alghamdi, T. A., Ali, M. (2014). Iamctd: Improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized dbr protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks.International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,10(11), 213012. Grondys, K., Sukiennik, K., Sikora, K. (2016, October). Evaluation of the level of a courier services by individual customers. InProceedings of International Academic Conferences(No. 4106788). International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.

How to Be a Better Freelance Writer and Land a Freelance Writing Job

For many new freelance writers out there, finding that first freelance writing job is all-consuming. You want to make money from this, and you want to ensure that the time you put into starting a freelance writing business is worth it. I get you. It makes sense. But, there are little things you can do to show that you are a BETTER freelance writer for clients. This will help you become the go-to writer for clients and ensures you recurring freelance writing work. And trust me when I say that clients are seeking that ONE writer that makes their life soo much easier. Its the writer that is professional, easy to collaborate with, turns work in before the deadline, and goes above and beyond what is expected of them. When you show that, clients will hold onto you forever because they know how difficult it is to find that writer. So, if you want to be THAT writer, learn these little things to help you be the better freelance writer out there 🙂 1. Promptly Reply One of the ways I grow my business is to outsource some aspects of my business. One thing I look for is how prompt these other freelancers are. If I email an inquiry on Friday, will I not hear from them until Monday? If so, I probably would have already found a freelancer by then. Now, I know people work during the day, but if you can promptly respond within 24 hours (or sooner), theres a good chance that clients will notice. And I also expect my freelance writing clients to promptly respond to my emails. And they do! Of course, you have to take into consideration the time zone your client is in (I have some clients in Tel Aviv, UK, Germany, etc..) and also know their schedule. My Tel Aviv clients weekend starts on Friday and their workday week begins on Sunday. Knowing this helps me know when to email them or submit my content to them promptly. 2. Offer Other Services An easy way to grow your income as a freelance writer is to offer more services. But, theres a catch to that Dont be a jack of all trades. Clients arent seeking a health writer that is also a finance white paper writer who ghostwrites eBooks. What clients are seeking is a writer that has more skills than other writers. This may mean: You know how to use WordPress You know how to source images You know how to promote content on social media You know how to edit or proofread You know copywriting techniques These are extra services on top of your writing services that you can offer to prospects. So, if you are negotiating with a client about a project, you can sweeten the deal by offering these types of services. For my clients, I always ensure that I provide copywriting when I write and can offer images and screenshots for my posts. I also recently provided a video tutorial for one of my clients, and he enjoyed it very much! In 2018, there are other services you can offer like video or video script writing and even things like course creation or textbook writing. 3. Create a Zip File Clients are looking for a professional writer, so when you submit your content, dont just paste it into an email entry. I like to share a MS Word Doc (or Google Doc) + a zip file of the optimized images I provided in the content piece. This little thing wows clients! Its these little things that make life easier for your clients. So, if that means you package your content piece all nice and pretty and make it easy for them to upload to their content management system, then youll be assured that more work will come to you. 4. Offer Content Ideas When Things Are Slow Sometimes at the beginning of a new freelance writing job, youll get a lot of projects. Maybe for a few months, you write one blog post a week. Then, things slow down. One thing you can do during this slow time is to pop in after a while and suggest some content ideas for your client. While not every client needs more content ideas, there a lot of that would benefit from a list of 20 new blog post ideas. And if a client knows that at the drop of a hat you can provide several content ideas for them, its just one other assurance that you are becoming your clients go-to writer. 5. Share Your Clients Posts An easy way to become a part of your clients marketing strategy is to share your clients pieces on Twitter, LinkedIn, and Pinterest. I like to do this and also tag the client or brand when I share their posts. And, if you spent time growing your social media followers, then when a client notices this, they will learn how valuable you can be for their marketing plan. There Ya Go! Five easy and simple ways to be the better freelance writer (and be the go-to writer for clients). Tell me in the comments what little things you do in your biz to help out your clients. I encourage you to become a highly-paid writer today and enroll in Write Your Way to Your First $1k.

Wade Reynvaan Essays - Political Philosophy, Free Essays

Wade Reynvaan Essays - Political Philosophy, Free Essays Wade Reynvaan Mr. Jon Bouknight Team Skills SP 252 5 April 2017 Decision Making Method Essay Working together as a team has a lot of advantages when it comes to trying to find or come to a common goal. Using the " Standard Agenda " and " Majority Vote " are two instances that seemed to really work for our team " The Backrow" when we were trying to figure out what furniture item we would like to have as well as when we would like to travel. All methods seemed to work to a fair degree. These two that I have mentioned seemed to work the best when it came to coming up with a faster, fairer outcome. " Majority Vote " is a method that you can use when a team has a problem or decision that they might not all agree on. Then, after a fair vote, the team comes to a decision on how to solve the problem or make a decision that will not only be fair to all in the group, but also will make the group members more open to the outcome. That is the only way it will work. All people have to be on board. One big advantage of " Majority Vote " is that if there is anyone that is not willing to accept the outcome of the vote, then the team will not work as efficient, as it could spend time on the issue not arguing about the right approach. The " Standard Agenda " has a precise set of steps that break the problem down for a group to come to a better outcome that all can easily agree on. These steps include analyzing the problem, which takes a groups conscious look to really see the problem it its full scope. Establishing criteria for the solution gives the group a set of ideas to bounce off one another to find different ways to solve a problem or work toward a goal. Ranking the criteria helps the team figure out which solution makes the most sense. Evaluating solutions helps you fine tune and come to a better solution. Selecting and implementing the best solution puts that decision into action. " The Standard Agenda " is the best option to coming to a group decision. The more a group communicates with one another, the better the group can come to a solution. In Randy Pausch's " The Last Lecture " (page 142), Randy wrote about the importance of working together. He wrote about imagining himself sitting together in a group with a deck of cards. His impulse was always put all of his cards on the table face up and to say to the group: "Ok" what can we collectively make of this hand?" He claimed that being able to work well in a group was vital and necessary for both working in the field as well as at home in your family life. In order to teach this, he always put his students into groups to work together. This is an example of " The Standard Agenda ". Randy Pausch used anything necessary to make others understand that working together was of great importance. On pages 142-143 of Randy Pausch's " The Last Lecture" , he detailed some tips for working successfully in a group. First : greet people properly. Meeting people, getting to know one another, feeling comfortable and pronouncing each other's names correctly is important to make that connection someone. This makes everyone feel important. Second : find things you have in common, again finding common ground. Third : try for optional meeting connections. This helps with comfort as well so that everyone can focus on the task of the team. Fourth : let everyone talk. Everyone has something to bring to the table. Don't be selfish. There is no "I" in team! Fifth : praise each other. Even if you do not agree with one another, building someone up instead of tearing them down will only build the morale of the team. And last, but not least: phrase all alternatives as questions. This allows people to offer comments rather than defend one. In " The Standard Agenda

Causes of XY females Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes of XY females - Essay Example Studd (2003) points out that earlier such condition was called Testicular Feminization Syndrome (TFS), but this is now being considered somewhat inappropriate and inaccurate because the testes are not known to produce feminizing factors. This phenomenon is therefore known as Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS). This insensitivity too is found to occur in varying measures in people. The condition when the Androgens find no response with age, is termed as Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). The growth as an 'XY female' is considered as abnormal and hence put into the category of patients. Researchers have found that such patients lead a normal life till their abnormal condition is diagnosed by doctors. For example, when a form of male pseudohermaphroditism or testicular feminization syndrome is detected. In this case the androgen receptor sees mutations which in result in X-linked recessive form androgen insensitivity. The childhood of such persons remains quite normal but when the child enters the age of puberty, problem starts. In fact, normally even the parents fail to fathom the distinctive nature of their children and they come to know about it only when they visit specialist gynecologists in order to treat the sterile behavior. Abnormality in Androgen Receptor (AR) is stated to be the reason behind CAIS.

Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazon - Essay Example Feasibility study should be performed on the basis of various criteria and parameters. The various feasibility studies are (1) Economic Feasibility, (2) Operational Feasibility and (3) Technical Feasibility. Their strategies include low price and free shipment. This factor played an important role in the long-term development of the company. The cheaper prices of goods with high quality and further free shipment attracted many. Another factor is the customer service. Customer plays an important role in the development of the company because it is the customer who uses the product that was developed by the companies and Amazon's services were good at it. To stay and hold the position in the present competitive market Amazon has planned to expand its business outside US like Eastern Europe and Far East Asia. Amazon is encouraging other companies to advertise their product on their website. A study has shown that Amazon would make more profit in diversifying than expanding. TOWA matrix (Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths) has been used to develop feasible alternative strategies. The matrix consists of four quadrants. They are (1) using strengths to overcome weaknesses, First quadrant concentrates on possible strength-opportunity strategies. Important factors are to hire highly skilled workers, wide brand recognition, customer satisfaction, effectively and efficiently raising capital resources, etc. Second quadrant concentrates on possible strength-threat strategies. Important threats that have to overcome are changing government regulations, seasonal shopping, and competition from ebay and Wal-Mart, protect business and customer information, currency exchange, etc. Third and Fourth quadrants concentrates on Possible Weakness-Opportunity Strategies and Possible Weakness-Threat Strategy. Third quadrant looks at reviewing product, develop standards up to the customer satisfaction, etc. Fourth quadrant looks at implementing backup systems, implementing policies to protect and avoid security risks. References Fortunato, Frank. (2005, September 25). Selling Books Online: Book Listing Services vs. eBay. Matrix-E.com. Retrieved May 16, 2006, from http://www.matrix-e.com/content/view/63/9/ Chevalier, Judith, and Goolsbee, Austan. (2003, April). Measuring prices and price competition online: Amazon and Barnes and Noble. Retrieved May 16, 2006, from http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/fac/austan.goolsbee/research/amzn.pdf Frey, Christine, and Cook, John. (2004, January 8). How Amazon.comsurvived, thrived and turned a profit. Seattle Post-Intelligence.Retrieved May 16, 2006, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/158315_amazon28.htmlsource=techdirt

Sales Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sales Management - Assignment Example However this is not the case because they are being constantly let down by the sales managers and indeed the policy adopted by Mike Dalton. As Dalton believes in offering the sales representatives with the remuneration package alone and no salary, this stands as a very negative connotation of the entire payment structure. If for instance a sales representative is unable to find a single sales lead in a particular period of time, he would not receive any payments at all. It would mean that all his hard work and devotion for the sake of IFP would essentially go to waste. What is important is to understand how IFP can give its best to its own employees who are indeed receiving nothing at all, more so when they are being committed to the company and its stance in essence. There is a dire need to understand how IFP’s viewpoint would be taken over by the employees. I do not agree that the employees would be on their toes if they receive just the compensation for the sales leads that they bring in instead of the salaries that they should be getting (Weitzul 1993). This is a direct case of meting out differential treatment for the employees because they are being hard done by. Justice needs to be done so that they remain motivated and glued to their respective jobs. The remuneration package used by Mike Dalton might not serve the purpose of the sales representatives and indeed the employees at large because it does not warrant a just policy to meet their most basic needs at work. This should be done away with at the earliest so that the employees might heave a sigh of relief and work to their best effect in the future (Gunsch 1991). The sales team will always be at the mercy of their sales leads and they thus know that if they fall short on this count, they would be removed from their jobs and hence their termination would mean a lot of economic problems for not only their own selves

The Theories And Implications On Corporate Financial Decisions Finance Essay

The Theories And Implications On Corporate Financial Decisions Finance Essay This paper concerns mainly on exploring the area of corporate valuation models and their implications in assessing the value of corporate firms. The models to be reviewed and analyzed are Economic Value Added (EVA), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Free Cash Flow (FCF). The selected models would be used on 5 publicly listed firms in the Bursa Malaysia. The aim of this study is to analyze the three models on how it can be utilized in helping a firm to create, sustain and access its corporate value. This paper consists of six parts, which are introduction, literature review, importance of theories and its implications on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia, application of concepts, tenets, fundamentals, technical issues, etc to the five chosen firms, methodology to analyze 5 years financial data of the selected firms and conclusion. Introduction In this paper, three corporate valuation models have been chosen as our main concern, which are Economic Value Added (EVA), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Free Cash Flow (FCF). We then apply the selected valuation models and methodologies to five publicly listed firms in the Bursa Malaysia from the food and beverage industry. The five companies are Dutch Lady Milk Industries, Fraser Neave Holdings Berhad, Nestle Ltd, QSR Brands Bhd and Yeo Hiap Seng (M) Berhad. Summary will be made by reviewing ten journal articles under the literature review part for a preliminary understanding of the models. This paper includes four journal articles for EVA as well as another seven journal articles for FCF and CAPM. In addition, we will identify the importance of the theories and describe its implication on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia. This study has provided us a great learning opportunity by accessing the company value of the real corporate firms. It also provides us a lear ning platform in how to utilize the valuation tools to evaluate companys performance for investment purpose in the future. Literature Review Economic Value Added (EVA) Economic Value Added (EVA) is a corporate valuation tool developed by Stern Stewart Co. to assist managers in their decision making by incorporate two basic principle of finance inside. The first principle is the financial goal of any company for shareholders wealth maximization and the second one is that a companys corporate value is based on the extent to which investors expect future earnings to exceed or fall short of the cost of capital. Another way to explain is that, EVA is developed to align decisions with shareholders wealth. According to Stewarts study in 1994, it is proved that EVA as the single best tool of measuring wealth creation on a contemporaneous basis and the result in describing changes in shareholders wealth is about 50 percent better than its greatest accounting-based rival of EPS, Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). EVA model assist managers in better investment decisions making, to identify improvement opportunities as well as to consider the short-term and long-term benefits for a firm. Based on Taubs study in 2003, it is observes that most of the valuation models used among industries focus only on the financial or accounting information. Unlike EVA, it combines factors like accounting, market and economy information in a companys performance evaluation. Various studies have proved the superiority of using EVA over other traditional models for evaluate companys performance due to its transparency and capacity to obtain more important information. According to Kudla and Arendts study in 2000, EVA can eliminate the arising conflicts and confusion when a company employs multiple measures like EPS, Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT). Furthermore, EVA can also be used as a tool to eliminate economic distortions of General Accepted Accounting Practice (GAAP) to focus decisions on the actual economic outcomes. It promotes better evaluation of decisions that have an impact on the income statement and balance sheet or trade-offs between each other. Also, EVA managed to cover every aspect of the managerial cycle through the use of the capital charge against NOPAT. There are also studies indicate that EVA is a superior measure of the managerial decisions quality. From Fishers study in 1995, EVA is suggested to be treated as a reliable pointer in estimating a firms value growth in the future. Also, according to Sterns study in 1989, the purpose of EVA is to change the management behavior as well as their performance, leading managers to act in the owners interest. It can be used as a motivation tool to encourage managers to create shareholder value by being a basis for management compensation. Importance of the theories and implications on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia As business grows wider and complex across the border, there is a demand for better valuation tool to evaluate the performance of the business. It is important to adopt more innovative performance metrics so that the companys management behaviors can be closely monitored to achieve the goal of maximizing the shareholders benefits. It is also important to access a firms value for any decision making regarding business expansion or contraction. According to the article of The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), Latest Trends in Corporate Performance Measurement (1992), many companies were experiencing difficulties in implementing measurement frameworks and these statements have been brought to today. There is a study conducted by Dr. Issham Ismail in Malaysia with the purpose to examine the relationship between EVA and the company performance in Malaysia. The study indicates that EVA has a strong relationship with stock return as compared to other measures due to its focus on long-term performance. EVA enhances stock performances by including more informational content in describing the stock returns. According to the study, EVA is considered as a better alternative to other traditional valuation tools such as EPS, ROE, etc. Its characteristic of transparency and capacity to provide more important information helps investors in Malaysia to make better investment decision as well as the resources allocations decisions. Besides that, EVA and MVA can be also treated as performance measures and signals for any strategic change (Lehn and Makhija, 1996). There is another study conducted by Norfarah, Suhaila and Wan Mansor in Malaysia regarding the adoption of EVA on real estate corporations in Malaysia. In Malaysia, real estate sectors have grown to become a large sector and continue to develop for the past two decades even through difficult economic period. Some has been performing well in the industry such as IOI Properties and Boustead Properties Bhd while some of them are experiencing hardship like Country Heights, Land General, and Damansara Realty. In order to identify the company potential of adding more shareholders value, an alternative corporate valuation model has been introduced, which is EVA, proposed by Stern Stewart Management Services. The adoption of EVA is considered to be more comprehensive as its measurement tool provides a clearer picture of whether a business is raising or reducing shareholder wealth. Most of the multinational companies such as Sony, Coca-Cola and Monsanto have formally announced their adoption and implementation of EVA as management systems in their quest of the value. On the other hand, EVA based performance plan produces positive result towards a company management. There is a study on the effects of adopting management bonus plans based on residual income measures. According to Wallaces study in 1997, EVA based performance plan motivates managers to utilize companys assets in a more productive and efficient way. This hence, reduce of the conflict between managers and shareholders interest and the decreasing agency cost eventually help the company to boost its profit after the adoption of the residual income based incentives plans. As a result, EVAs superiority is proved in encouraging managers for shareholder wealth creation. However, in order to work out the EVA compensation system, it requires large commutation effort and extensive training for both managers and their subordinates. Lastly, EVA and its practical applications as a management control system for performance measurement which helps manager to make better investment decisions. Methodology Economic Value Added is an evaluation tools used to examine a companys true economic profitability because it factors in net operating income after taxes interest minus the opportunity cost of capital deployed to earn that net operating income. In other words, EVA tells whether a companys financial performance is higher or lower than the minimum required rate of return for shareholders or business lenders. Besides that, EVA also tells investors if their amount of invested capital in the business is providing them a higher return than their minimum, or if it is better to shift their capital elsewhere. There are few steps required in calculating EVA and this is how Economic Value Added (EVA) is used by the financial analysts. Annual reports from the five selected firms have been sourced respectively in this report. First of all, we have to identify the earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) from the income statement. Next we have to calculate the Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) by deducting the Income Tax Expenses from the EBIT. Afterwards, we need to determine the invested capital deployed in the business by deducting Non-interest Bearing Current Liabilities from Total Assets. Then, we need to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). WACC calculated by adding Risk Free Rate with Beta multiply by Market Risk Premium, where Market Risk Premium is calculated by deducting Risk Free Rate from Market Return. Take WACC multiply with the Invested Capital and finally, EVA can be found by deducting the multiplication of WA CC and Invested Capital from the Net Operating Profit after Tax. The calculation formulas for EVA are as follows: EVA = NOPAT (WACC * Invested Capital) where, NOPAT = Profit Lost Before Interest and Tax Income Tax Expenses and, Invested Capital = Total Assets Non-interest bearing Current Liabilities and, Cost of Equity, WACC is calculated by using CAPM Model where, WACC = Risk Free Rate + ( Beta * Market Risk Premium ) where, Market Risk Premium = Market Return Risk Free Rate Free Cash Flow Literature Review Free cash flow (FCF) refers to the cash generated by the assets of the business available for distribution to all the shareholders and it cant be affected by the businesss capital structure. A firms stock value is calculated by projecting the future free cash flow (FCF) that will be generated by the business assets and then compute the present value of FCF by discounting them at the appropriate required rate of return. FCF appeared to be an appropriate valuation model to be used when (1) the firm doesnt pay dividends at all or pays out lesser dividends than dictated by its cash flow, (2) free cash flow tracks profitability or (3) the analyst takes a corporate control perspective. The present value of FCF is the most fundamentally useful valuation tool used in assisting any investing decisions like investment opportunities appraisal and corporate valuation (Arumugam, 2007). It can also be used to measure the potential of investment opportunities as well as to forecast the firms future performance by accessing its corporate value. Based on an article written by Ben Lardes in March 2010, a companys free cash flow reflects a lot of information about the company performance. Obviously the higher the free cash flow of a business is, the more money you can expect to earn as the businesss shareholder. Every firm has different FCF, which is depends on how well is their performance over the periods. For instance, a well performing firm may have a good amount of positive cash flows. On the contrary, a firm may not have a positive cash flow at all if it has been struggling to succeed. A firm will have a negative FCF if its expenses are exceeding its income. By looking at the FCF, a company can decide whether to go on with its current business direction or to change its management operation. However, negative FCF does not always signify problems within a business. The negative FCF may be due to the preparation of business expansion in the future. The age of a company and its circumstances should always be in the consider ation before judging it purely based on its free cash flow. According to the study conducted by McClure, although FCF has its merits, it still has some limitations and the most significant one would be the garbage in, garbage out principle. Predicted FCF is used as the main input in DCF calculation to evaluate any investment decisions, thus the quality of FCF is very important in the valuation process in order to get an appropriate and reliable outcome. If all the FCF values have found to be inaccurate, then it will be useless in assessing the firms stock price. Therefore, the ability to make good future projections of FCF is critical. The more you confident about the future cash flow, the better project evaluation you can made, leading to a desirable profit from your investment. In this case, the forecast of potential cash flow appeared to be the tricky part, as you are required to prepare a full financial model to get a better estimation. This requires some serious analysis of the business, the macro-economic environment, the legal and regu latory framework and the competitive landscape (Cartmail, 2010). Importance of the Theories Implications on Corporate Financial Decisions in Malaysia Investing decisions can be made based on a simple analysis like selecting your desire firm with a product you expect to have high demand in the future. The underlying expectation is that the company will continue to produce and sell high-demand products and will generate cash flow back to the business. The second part is that the companys management will know where to spend this cash to continue its operations whereas the third assumption is that all of these expected future cash flows are worth more today than the stocks current price.   Free cash flow (FCF) tracks the remaining operating cash flow for the shareholders after laying out the money a firm required to expand or sustain its asset base. It is important as it allows business to pursue more opportunities that could enhance shareholders value. Present value of all free cash flows is the key indicator of a firms equity value. The growing FCF is often a prelude to increased profits. Firms that facing surging FCF as a result of revenue growth, debt elimination, improvement of operational efficiency and others, can reward their investors tomorrow. Thats the reason investors cherish FCF as a sound valuation metric. The odds are good when a firms FCF is increasing, it is believed that the firms share value will soon be increased as well. An important thing to note is that, negative FCF is not bad in itself, however it could represent a sign that a firm is engaging in large investments (Investopedia, n.d.). DCF is one of the favorable and sound tools to be used in corporate valuation because it can produce outcome, which has the closest value to an intrinsic stock value. Unlike other valuation tools like P/E ratio, DCF analysis relies on FCF. It is believed that FCF reflects a clearer view of a firms ability in generating cash, as profits can sometimes be clouded by accounting tricks, but cash flow cannot. The reason is because cash flow generation is hardly to be influenced by accounting assumptions and practices. Also, FCF is a trustworthy measure that eliminates most of the arbitrariness and guesstimates found in reported profits (Investopedia, n.d.). Other than that, FCF can be considered as a forward-looking metric because it depends more on future prospects rather than past results. In addition, it also enables expected operating strategies to be included in the valuation as it allows varies business components to be valued separately. On the other hand, free cash flow theory has important implications for the leverage effect on a firms investment financing decisions. The FCF model implies that for an over-investor, an increase in leverage should lead to a reduction in unprofitable investment spending. Additional leverage will leave less amount of free cash flow at the discretion of the managers at the same time that it increases the intensity level at which the companys activities can be closely monitored. Overall investment will become more efficient as the firm substitutes contractually obligated debt service for negative net present value investments. Empirically, the reduction in unprofitable investment spending should contribute to an increase in the firms stock price that reflects the improved efficiency of managerial investment decisions. Methodology Free Cash Flow (FCF) is the cash generated by the companys assets and it is available for distribution to all the shareholders. It is used to tracks the remaining operating cash flow available for the shareholders after laying out the money a firm required to expand or sustain its asset base. It is calculated by deducting Net Investment in Operating Capital from Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT), where NOPAT is calculated by deducting Income Tax Expenses from the Profit Lost before Interest and Tax (EBIT) and Net Investment in Operating Capital is obtained by using the Operating Capital at time t to minus the Operating Capital at time t-1. Operating Capital is calculated by adding up Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) and Net fixed Assets, where NOWC is calculated by deducting Non-interest Bearing Current Liabilities from Operating Current Assets. The calculation for FCF is as followed: Free Cash Flow (FCF) = Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT) Net Investment in Operating Capital where, NOPAT = Profit Loss before Interest and Tax (EBIT) Income Tax Expenses and, Net Investment in Operating Capital = Operating Capital at time t Operating Capital at time t-1 where, Operating Capital = Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) + Net fixed Assets where, NOWC = Operating Current Assets Non-interest bearing Current Liabilities Capital Asset Pricing Model Literature Review Basically, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is based on Markowitz (1959) and Tobin (1958), who introduced the risk-return portfolio theory. The primary implication of the CAPM is the mean-variance efficiency of the market portfolio. The efficiency of the market portfolio implies that the positive linear relationship between expected returns and market betas is exists and only beta is playing a significant role in explaining the expected returns of stocks. Several attempts have been done to test the implications of the CAPM using historical rates of returns of securities and historical rates of return on a market index. The CAPM is relies on several assumptions with the fact that every investor wants to maximize the expected satisfaction of their wealth. An addition to the risk aversion is that all of them are having the same expectations towards the returns of the securities. The returns of the securities follow a normal distribution, which characterizes the phenomenon of homoscedasticity. Besides that, CAPM also assume that every investor is allowed to borrow any amount of money at the risk free rate. Finally, there are no taxes or other barriers which lead to an imperfection of every market, that is, the market is assume to be in equilibrium and have a perfect competition among all the participants in the market. According to Grigoris and Stavross study in 2006, one of the earliest empirical studies that support the theory of CAPM is that of Black, Jensen and Scholes [1972]. By using monthly data of return and portfolios rather than individual stocks, Black et al tested whether the cross-section of expected returns is linear in beta. By constructing a portfolio made up by an amount of securities, investors managed to diversify away most of the firm-specific risk, thus increasing the precision of the beta estimates and the expected rate of return of the portfolio. This approach eliminates the statistical problems that arise from measurement errors in beta estimates. The data found to be consistent with the predictions of the CAPM, at which the relationship between the average return and beta is close to linear and that portfolios with high (low) betas will have high (low) average returns. There is another classic empirical study that supports the theory conducted by Fama and McBeth in 1973. In the study, they examined whether there is a positive linear relation between average returns and beta. In addition, the author also investigated whether the squared value of beta and the volatility of asset returns can explain the residual variation in average returns across assets that are not explained by beta alone. There are several studies in the early 1980s suggested that there were deviations from the CAPM risk return trade-off due to other variables that affect this tradeoff. The objective of the studies was to find the missing components that CAPM omitted in explaining the risk-return trade-off and to identify the variables that created those deviations. Banz [1981] tested the CAPM by examining whether the size of firms can explain the residual variation in average returns across assets that remain unexplained by the CAPMs beta. CAPM is being challenged by indicating that firm size does explain the cross sectional-variation in average returns on a particular collection of assets better than beta. The author concluded that the average returns on stocks of small firms were higher than the average returns on stocks of large firms, vice versa. This study has known as the size effect. The general reaction to Banzs [1981] findings, that CAPM may be missing some aspects of reality, was to support the view that although the data may suggest deviations from CAPM, these deviations are not as significant to invalidate the theory. Importance of the theories and implications on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia CAPM, which is a theoretical representation of the financial markets behavior, can be used in the estimation of a companys cost of capital. Despite the limitations, the model can be a superior addition to the analytical tool kit of financial manager. The modern financial theory relies on three major assumptions. First, we assume the participants in the securities market are dominated by rational, at which all the investors are risk averse. Risk-averse person often seek to maximize satisfaction from the returns on their investment. CAPM also assume a perfect competitive market, which is in the equilibrium. It means that the financial market is populated with highly sophisticated and well informed buyers and sellers, meaning that the financial market has the characteristic of transparency. The third assumption implies that investors will choose to hold diversified portfolios, means that every investor wants to hold a portfolio that could reflects the stock market as a whole. Although i t is impossible to own the market portfolio, it is relatively easy and inexpensive for investors to eliminate specific or unsystematic risk and construct a portfolio that tracks the stock market through diversification. Another significant problem is that, it is not possible for investors to borrow at the risk-free rate in the real world. This is because the risk associated with individual investor is particularly higher than the risk associated with the Government. This inability to borrow at the risk-free rate means that the slope of the SML is shallower in practice than in theory. However, CAPM is generally considered as a better method to calculate the cost of equity and it explicitly takes into account the sensitivity of a companys security return to market risk. It is clearly superior to the WACC in providing discount rates to be used in investment appraisal. Research has shown the CAPM to stand up well to criticism, although the arguments against CAPM have been increasing in the recent years. Investment managers in Malaysia have widely applied CAPM as well as its sophisticated extension as the investment valuation metric. CAPMs application to corporate finance is the recent development. Although it has been employed in many utility rate-setting proceedings, it has yet to gain widespread use in corporate circles for estimating companies cost of equity. Methodology The Capital Asset Pricing Model indicates a simple linear relationship between expected rate of return and systematic risk or market risk of a security or portfolio. The model is an extension of Markowitzs (1952) portfolio theory. The researchers who are commonly credited with the CAPM development are Sharpe (1964), Linter (1965) and Black (1972) and that is the reason CAPM is normally referred as SLB model. Markowitz (1952) developed a concept of portfolio efficiency through the combination of risky assets that minimizes risk for a given return or maximizes return for a given risk. Variance of expected returns has been used as the measure of risk and then the efficient portfolio will be developed to minimize risk for a given rate of return. The equation of CAPM indicates the relationship between cost of capital and market returns. The general idea behind CAPM is that investors need to be compensated for two reasons: time value of money  and risk. The time value of money is represented by the risk-free rate, Rf  in the equation and investors are being compensated for the forgone opportunity cost and time value of money due to their investment over a period of time. The other half of the equation represents the risk and the risk premium is the compensation for the investors for taking on any additional risk. It is calculated by using a risk measure (Beta) to the market premium (Rm-rf). The calculation of CAPM is as followed: Ri = Rf + ( Beta * Market Risk Premium ) where, Market Risk Premium = Rm Rf where, Ri = return on equity or portfolio Rm = return on the market portfolio Rf = return on risk-free asset Beta = sensitivity of security or portfolio to the systematic risk The equation indicates that the expected rate of return on asset i is equal to the rate of return on the risk-free asset plus a risk premium. The risk premium is calculated by multiplying beta with the difference between the expected rate of the return of the market portfolio and the risk-free rate. Risk free rate can be obtained from the return on Malaysian Treasury bill at particular time of the stock trading while beta can be calculate from the historical prices of stock and the market and the market return can be calculated based on the market index. To calculate the beta value, we need to first calculate the covariance of the security and the market. Second, we need to calculate the variance from market return. Next, we need to divide covariance of the particular security and market by variance of market to obtain the value of beta.

rights fees in sport :: essays research papers

The steadfast rule when it comes to sports and rights fees is that it’s the business of entertainment. The dollars are going to go where the value is. With Rights fees, networks pay fees to have the rights to a particular broadcast, for example march madness, the NFL or the Olympics. Rights fees are determined by the value a certain property holds, this is determined by the ratings. The most important ratings market world wide is undisputedly the North American, and in particular the US market as we will later discuss with the Olympic media coverage. With in the US it is a battle field to increase ratings because of the dollar value associated with the opportunity to sell advertising and consequently the rights fees. Personally I believe that 1.725 billion is a ridiculous amount for NBC to pay for the rights fees of March Madness. But obviously they are not mad. The economics and financials behind their decisions to continually pay more and more is justifiable. Once again boiling down to the ratings. The 70 hours of March Madness are extremely popular in the US and boast extremely high ratings. Therefore, advertisers are willing to pay the big bucks to get their ads on the air. The same is true about the Superbowl, with 30 second advertising sports reaching astronomical highs networks are lining up to buy the rights fees for the event. As Bill Brown the senior vice president of Fox Sports stated, â€Å" we want entertainment†¦we want to televise the teams that will deliver us the highest ratings†. That truly summarizes the essence of sport media today, and why rights fees are working. â€Å"Fox, paying MLB about $417 million a year in a deal†, which expires next year. With base ball’s popularity on the rise again the rights fees for the league are undoubtadly going to increase. But as the numbers have shown the Fox network is the big spender when it comes to rights fees, dispensing $2.5 billion from 2001 to 2006 on MLB alone. While Fox has a hold on baseball, Time Warner and ABC/ESPN seem to be focusing their dollars on the NBA, both handing over just over $2 billion over a 6 year period . But as aformentioned the rating speak volumes and while the NBA is very popular in the US, from a network point of view March Madness, NCAA basketball is a winner.

Global Statements

THE GLOBAL STATEMENT: What is it and where to use it? Aside from courtesy details, a thesis statement (a more direct statement about the topic/text than the examples below; a simple equation which may help is thesis = topic +opinion) and your road map, an introduction may also offer (usually in the opening sentence) a general or global statement about the nature of texts/ characters/conflicts/ideas/identity/ conventions/responses etc†¦ on all the usual topics you are asked to discuss in essay writing.You should use the global statements as the opening sentence of your introduction. Ensure your global statement stills offer a sense of where your thesis is heading, that is, it makes reference to an aspect of the topic. The global statement should, however, be much broader than your thesis. It may be useful to think of an introduction as sentences which transition from broad to narrow in sequence i. e. ower structures and identity ( position on hierarchy/social status ( age, sex an d occupation affect opportunities and way others behave towards you Here are some examples of global statements to learn/know/experiment with: †¢ Text can often reflect the real world; characters can reflect real people; settings can reflect real places or attempt to predict what the real world might be like in the future (sci-fi or speculative texts).If you need to discuss how ideas in texts can reflect or interpret the real world you might say – â€Å"Any given text can be considered the author’s attempt to reflect their understanding of the world† – â€Å"Narratives can allow readers to consider the nature of the world/the way the world works† – â€Å"Texts can speculate as to the future of our world† – â€Å"Texts can be critical of the nature of the world/human nature/ humanity† – â€Å"A narrative’s purpose is to communicate an understanding/ interpretation of the world† – â€Å"A text can teach us to appreciate aspects of our world we might take for granted† – â€Å"A text can be critical of those things we forget to question† †¢ Any aspects of identity is a locus (position) of power i. e. Gender is a ocus of power; Class is a locus of power; Age is a locus of power etc†¦ if you need to discuss identity in relation to a text/topic offer something like – â€Å"The identity of any given character determines their position in the social hierarchy† – â€Å"The identity ascribed to a character influences our expectations of them as readers† – â€Å"Identity is a social construct which influences the level of power experienced by an individual† †¢ Narrative techniques and conventions follow patterns to guide readers through texts; the reason you know how to read and comprehend a new text is because you have an awareness of textual conventions based on your reading of other texts. An inter textual topic or question might best be approached by a statement like â€Å"Narratives techniques provide a conceptual framework for comparing individual literary works to others, within and across genres† If your essay topic specifies a discussion of techniques, conventions, elements of construction and reader response you could say – â€Å"An authors’ manipulation and control of narrative techniques/ conventions is used to guide readers to an intended response† – â€Å"All texts are constructed to invite a certain response from the reader† – â€Å"Reader’s are positioned to identify with characters which the author presents favourably† – â€Å"The construction of a text is intrinsically linked to the meanings we make of it† †¢ Keep in mind if you are offering a resistant reading you could argue that despite a narrative leading readers to an intended response, sometimes the opposite happens. Texts ma y be constructed to guide readers to an invited response, but the values, attitudes and experiences of any given reader will ultimately determine how they feel about the text† †¢ For a topic about conflict/protagonists: – â€Å"Conflict drives the plot of any given text† – â€Å"Conflict is essential for engaging and sustaining audience interest† – â€Å"The easier it is for the protagonist to triumph, the less value there is in the drama of the narrative† – â€Å"A protagonist should be ennobled by his/her struggles by the narrative’s conclusion† †¢ Others which might help: – â€Å"Texts can encourage readers to reconsider their own values and attitudes† – â€Å"Texts can ask reader’s to take action against an issues of controversy† – â€Å"Texts reflect the context of their production†

Latin American Abortions essays

Latin American Abortions essays Latin America and Caribbean nations are estimated to have some of the highest numbers of abortion worldwide, despite also having some of the most restrictive abortion laws. Most of these countries allow abortion only to save a woman's life, and a couple of them prohibit abortion under any circumstances. As a result, abortion is a main cause of maternal mortality, constituting nearly 50 percent of maternal mortality in some countries and 21 percent in the region as a whole. Most abortion procedures are unsafe; an average of one unsafe abortion occurs for every three live births. (Ipas website). A number of different human rights organizations are working with the citizenry, state health departments, and pro-abortion organizations to change the existing laws. In Latin America millions of abortions are performed annually, normally in unsafe and covert conditions. The procedure is done secretly, sometimes by the pregnant woman herself, because they are illegal. Chile and El Salvador impose criminal penalties for abortion in all circumstances including the safety of the mothers life. Nearly every other country in the region has extremely restrictive abortion laws that include exceptions permitting abortion in certain narrow circumstances, such as where the life or health of the woman is in danger, or where the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. Cuba, the regional anomaly, has made elective abortion available since the mid-1960s. (Mariner, 2005). The situation in each country is relatively more or less restrictive. For example, in Mexico the situation is even more complicated due to a federal system that places the regulation of abortion in the hands of state governments. Thus, each state is different. Some states have passed relatively progressive laws. Local authorities in Mexico City amended the penal code in 2000 to liberalize abortion rules where the woman's health is at risk or fetal defects exist. It also reduced ...

The Benito Pablo Juarez Journal essays

The Benito Pablo Juarez Journal essays What's a hero? A hero is define as "one that is much admired or shows great courage" by the Merriam Webster's Notebook Dictionary. A hero can also be define as what Benito Pablo Juarez is to Mexico. Benito was born in a small village in Oaxaca called San Pablo Guelatao on March 21, 1806 in a two roomed cottage with floors of dirt. Benito was born to Marcelino Juarez and Grigida Garcia two catholic Zapotec indians. Benito had two older sisters one named Maria and the other one Benito's parent's died only a couple of months apart from each other, three years after Benito's birth. When Benito's parent's died he and his sister's went to live with there grandparent's, Pedro Juarez and Justa Lopez. At the age eleven Benito's grandparent's died his sisters were older and had already gotten married. After that happend Benito had to move with his uncle Matias Juarez. Benito like many Zapotec indiants didn't speak spanish, he only spoke his native language. Matias tought Benito every thing he knew about the spanish language, but Benito wanted to learn more about it and about the world. The only way that Benito was going to be able to know more about the world and how to speak spanish was by going to the city of Oaxaca. Or by going to the Catholic Fathers, but Benito did not want to become a priest. One day when Benito was taking care of the sheep, he found out that there were some men that had come from the city of Oaxaca to buy some mules. As the men were walking down the road to get to the city of Oaxaca. Benito saw them, and decided to ask them to tell him a story about the city of Oaxaca. Wile the men were entertaining Benito with there stories about the city Oaxaca one of the men stole one of his sheep. A few minutes after the men left to the city of Oaxaca, Benito counted his sheep again. To see that one of them was missing, Benito does not ...

Managment Motivating Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managment Motivating Style - Essay Example This paper describes management motivating style, by focusing the motivating styles practiced by Raul Valdez, Manager Cardinal Health. Raul Valdez was interviewed with the purpose of identifying the approaches he applies in to motivate his employees. In order to set up an environment that will stimulate the employees to motivate themselves, Valdez has recognized the need to understand the employee’s motivational needs. He does this by evaluating every employee’s motivational needs that are consistence with the strategies and goals of the organization. Valdez says that the success of their organization directly depends on the improvement of an individual’s or group’s motivation (Singla 265). Valdez derives his motivation skills from theories by Herzberg and Maslow. Maslow theory suggest that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs which include safety needs, esteem needs, physiological needs, belonging needs and self-actualization needs (Beach 31). Phy siological needs refer to the standard basic needs such as water, air, food, shelter and sleep. Safety needs entail personal security and safety as well as job security. Belongingness is the need to be part of groups such as family, clubs, religious groups, and work groups (Beach 31). Self esteem needs are grouped into two categories. The first esteem originates from mastery or competence of a task. The second esteem result from recognition and attention that come from other people. Self-actualization need is the â€Å"desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming† (Beach 32). Maslow suggested that individuals are motivated by the needs that are above the minimal needs which are fulfilling (Singla 265). People have fulfilled certain set of needs are not likely to be motivated by environments that fulfils needs at the lower level. Similarly, people will not be motivated by environments that fulfill higher needs before their lower needs are fulfilled (Beach 31). T his is the reason why Valdez has to determine how each employee works and what sparks energy in them. He says that employees have their personal needs and own drive that must be fulfilled for them to get motivated. He achieves this by maintaining adequate communication system with every employee, as well as watching and observing them. When the manager is faced with performance problem resulting from lack of motivation, he discusses the cause of the problem with every employee, and suggests what can motivate them, or the fact that makes them lose focus. For example, employees who are struggling to fulfill their physiological needs of sufficient shelter, food and water are likely to be motivated by the self-actualization (Beach 32). They should also be encouraged to seek inner peace and knowledge. Similarly, employees who have secure family, healthy ego and safe homes influenced by accumulation of wealth, are likely not to be motivated by providing financial rewards. Herzberg’ s motivation theory deals with the activities employees do at work. The motivators are recognition, growth or advancement, interest and achievement in the job (Hiam 35). In order to apply these theories, the leaders and managers must understand the motivational need of an individual or a group, so as to set up an environment in which they will motivate themselves. In addition, an overall approach that will reinforce the desired motivation is also established. This is the reas

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Nursing - Essay Example This year it will provide a real opportunity to expand opportunities which are related to the promotional of fitness and health services across the Maryland state. It will also provide the consumers with relevant health information and various resources on the websites. It will also provide a real experience in terms of showing medical technology and therefore breaking through various diseases. It will also provide me with real experience of having fun and fitness and the importance of the same; education, entertainment and empowerment under one room. Being part of the convention, I believe I will have the opportunity of getting to know on some of the actions to be taken to ensure that we remain healthy. Sharing of information is very important and being at the convention will provide a real opportunity to share with others and acquire new ideas with regards to remaining healthy. The information will help a myriad of the populace to improve the health standards. Substance abuse has been reported to be affected the lives of thousands of people across the globe. Maryland is not exceptional. Attending the convention will be an opportunity of providing information on some of the effects of substance abuse and the risks which are involved. Through sharing of information, there was a real experience of some of the substances which are often abused and the risks associated. There is also a guideline on how some of these cases can be handled. (Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report 1) There was also lesson son some of the preventive measure of substance abuse in the county. Besides pr3eventive issues, there are also a number of programs in the county which are designed to deal with the issues of substance abuse. The convention provided a platform whereby those who attended got the opportunity to be taken through some of the programs existing to deal with the issue. Drugs endanger the lives of children. Unfortunately, most parents and guidance are

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Communication - Essay Example Verbal communication is an ability that everyone should develop to improve their interactions with others and to help them build relationships. In nursing, it is imperative to have excellent communication skills in order to have an enormous understanding about the feelings and sufferings of the patients. The profession desires good command over the words, using appropriate word not only enhances communication and understanding with the patient but also clarifies the precise meaning of the words. According to Beyea (2004) â€Å"verbal communication is a primary way in which vital information about a patients status and care is transmitted†. The Department of Health has also stressed the importance of verbal communication in their Essence of Care benchmarks. They stated that communication should be adapted to meet the needs of people, carers and groups. This was further supported by Terrado et al (2001). Terrado’s team firmly believes that nurses are required to have an e ffectual communication skills because of they are in the first position to contact with the patient and represent the healthcare team for patient’s appraisal. It is therefore it is essential that they have appropriate communication skills to be beneficial and supportive to the patients especially to those who need intense care like dysphagia and stroke patients and those who are paralysed and need thorough care for their recovery. I agree with these findings because as a student, I believe that learning better communication skills are the most imperative errand to my career. It is an indispensable part of my role and duty while in placement at University and later when I am serving the human beings. It is essential to for me to understand the cultural differences which are very sensitive issue that result in some kind of misinterpretation of my words or other’s words. Misconception could be devastating as can be understood with the help of Appendix 3. The prime responsibility of the

Athletic Leadership Development Program Essay Example for Free

Athletic Leadership Development Program Essay There is great need to develop effective athletic management programs in high schools. Apart from the fact that students derive direct benefit from such programs, it is also a good training resource since todays high school athletes will eventually take shape as tomorrows sports leaders as coaches, trainers, athletic administrators, sports physicians, sports psychologists and other capacities (Lanasa, Ciletti Lackman, 2005). High school is a very important stage in which students prepare for the future by getting a good education, making friends and participate in other activities such as athletics. It is unfortunate, that many schools have adopted budget cuts that under provide for sports, taking the opinion that money would be better spent on academics. Though it is right that academics come first, sacrificing high school sports is dangerous to the students’ high school experience as it affects their ability to perform at optimum academic levels (Amorose Horn, 2000). Sports are also an important component that helps students develop into well-rounded adults who give full benefits to the country at large. INTRODUCTION This paper will carry out a literature review to illustrate how a School Athletic Leadership Plan works to give students full benefits. In extension, the school as an institution also derives high levels of achievement and satisfaction from the same. It will show how students with an interest in the field of training and treatment of athletes can effectively be prepared by the school athletic training programs. They are a perfect opportunity of gaining college and career preparation. These programs give an appropriate opportunity to the attainment of information, certification, scholarships and networking for students (MacGregor, 2005). HOW TO DEVELOP A LEADERSHIP PROGRAM This section will evaluate the leadership program adopted by Wheeler High School in Indiana. It presents a situation that is appropriate to most high schools where there are potentially good players but their hopes and targets fail to materialize due to lack of a well organized sports framework and leadership in the school. On evaluation of the progress and areas that need change, Snodgrass notes that the foremost problem was the lack of player leadership in the students’ teams coupled with the lack of senior talent (2005). Borrowing from the plan adopted by this school, this paper will give guidelines on how a school athletic leadership plan can be developed. Structure of the program An effective leadership program should start by identifying players that can participate in the plan. For starters, the first class could be made up of six senior and two junior students who would meet weekly for two to three hours over a ten week period (Snodgrass, 2005). In this period, they would they would participate in the curriculum by carrying out the following; Interaction They are expected to visit and spend one or two hours in the curriculum each night (Snodgrass, 2005). From this interaction, the head of the plan identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the selected team by observing how they interact and how committed they are. This is the stage at which the leaders and those with skills valuable to the plan are identified. As they share ideas, hopes and aspirations, this pilot group can come up with an excellent blueprint of the plan since they are better positioned to know what would work with their fellow student athletes and what would not. Activities strengthening core values The activities that strengthen core values are important as they set the plan in motion with the rest of the student athletes. The pilot group of eight should each be assigned a group of student with which they carry out these activities. This could occur in class for discussions and after knowing each other, the group members should engage in out of class activities. Group leaders are expected to call incoming players and engage with them with an aim of getting to know them intimately (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This is a very important step as the group leaders get in a position to identify strengths and weaknesses that might be hidden from the coaches and teachers. This enables the teams to avoid failures that commonly arise from the lack of proper understanding within the team. Leadership in youth camps The eight members of the pilot team should serve as counselor at the summer youth camp. They are expected to take up roles such as teaching a position, coaching the team in flag football, running the punt-pass-kick contest etc (Young Edmonson, 2010). It should involve activities such as story narrations to emphasize the importance of team playing. The plan should be sure to implement a youth summer camp. The Handbook of Organizational Consulting Psychology underscores the importance of such camps in the development of leadership plans. It is from such camps that the members emerge as a team understanding each other, with strong leadership and ready to work together (Fiedler, 2002). The above activities lay the foundation on which the plan can be built upon. After getting the required individuals to spearhead the program and the necessary team sprit, the plan can proceed into the next step in which it formally assembles the best ideas and strategies for the leadership program in form of a blueprint discussed in the following section. PLANNING THE BLUEPRINT Snodgrass defines a blueprint as the process of designing a leadership program in any field from start to finish (2005). It guides the implementation of the whole process and it gives guidelines on how to check progress and success levels. This paper will provide a blueprint that is divided into steps as follows; Step 1: Assembling the planning team According to the program adopted by the Leigh University for the summer of 2007, the planning team should comprise all the key stakeholders to build a program that is acceptable campus wide (Fiedler, 2002). It is imperative to ensure that all individual stakeholders understand the importance of athletics in the life of the students. Teachers and other members of staff should be ready to sacrifice some academic hours in order to bring the plan into track. In this university, the team consisted of coaches from the Athletic Department, administrators and student-athletes as well as staff from the Dean of Student’s Office to attain a healthy balance (Young Edmonson, 2010). They should meet weekly to discuss the rest of the steps in the blueprint. Step 2: Conducting a leadership audit â€Å"The leadership audit is a systematic assessment of leadership development opportunities at the institution and beyond. A complete audit includes both internal and external reviews and inventories all leadership opportunities† (Lanasa, Ciletti Lackman, 2005). Internal audit: The information from this audit should find out whether there are other leadership initiatives on campus in which student-athletes can participate (). Fiddler finds that often these programs are not designed to directly increase the value of the student’s leadership and do not fundamentally impact Athletics as a whole(Amorose Horn, 2000). There should be goal setting and skill building workshops that are conducive to the unique schedules of student-athletes and athletics department staff. External audit: This involves researching specific leadership opportunities at other institutions. This should particularly look for leadership development programs and delivery options within other institutions (Robinson Skinner, 2008). It can be done in neighboring schools that have highly successful leadership development programs to identify crucial aspects that can be adopted. It can also be done online or from other literature on the issue to set good standards for a comprehensive plan. Step 3: Identification of an anchor The anchor is another crucial aspect of the plan that should be in place. Young and Edmonson define it as the â€Å"existing institutional purpose, outreach or reason that makes the program’s efforts essential and justifies the investment of time, energy and resources to support the effort (2010). It helps in the acceptance of the plan since it does not appear as something totally alien. For instance the mission statement of Lehigh University is; â€Å"To advance learning through the integration of teaching, research, and service to others† (Young and Edmonson, 2010). To be in tandem with the school’s mission statement, the Lehigh Athletics Mission Statement could be made to capture that of the institute, e. g. â€Å"Our mission in the Lehigh Athletics Department is to advance learning to develop leadership, and to foster personal growth through comprehensive athletics programming. † (Young and Edmonson, 2010). This way, the plan manages to entrench itself within existing institutional goals and hence all stakeholders can comfortably identify with it and work towards its implementation. As such, teachers for instance would drop their hard line stance towards the plan as they feel it helps in academics. Step 4: Determining the scope The scope is the extent of the leadership experience which encompasses aspects such as how deep the program will be embedded in institutional culture and the programmatic mission and learning objectives (Robinson Skinner, 2008). The scope should be connected to the vision, mission, and learning outcomes of the school’s sports department. Vision: the plan should be aimed at cultivating a culture of leadership which encourages self-awareness, commitment to team playing, and emphasis on values and actions that enhance a good athletic experience. (Amorose Horn, 2000) Mission: the sports department should use the plan to complement and support the larger missions of the institution as a whole. This can be achieved with the use of the transformational leadership theory that enhances student’s leadership skills and understanding (Fiedler, 2002). It should accomplish a sense of community among al stakeholders focusing on the value of positive leadership. Learning outcomes: these are the benefits that the students should derive from participating in the Athletic Leadership Program. Firstly, they enhance their knowledge of basic leadership skills and principles. Others are interpersonal skills, integrity, peer motivation, self awareness and the value of diversity in every situation (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This will enhance their wellbeing in every field of life in school and beyond. Step 5: Shaping the philosophy A philosophy is important in shaping an appropriate vision, mission and goals for a comprehensive Athletic Leadership Program. Robison and Skinner put forward two examples of philosophy that can be used to achieve this end. They do so by addressing the unique needs of student-athletes, teams and coaches (2008). The Transformational Leadership Theory is the primary philosophy in which the program is embedded. â€Å"It describes a course of action where both leaders and participants engage in a mutual, ongoing process of raising one another to higher levels of motivation, moral reasoning, and self-consciousness† (Robinson Skinner, 2008). This encourages collaboration and interdependence within participants by appealing to social and community focused values. Principle-Centered Leadership Theory: this theory is based on principle based leadership. Leaders are required to center their practices in natural based practices. Their values can only be effective if they remain true to these guiding principles, which are identified as; â€Å"continually learning, service-oriented, radiate positive energy, believe in other people, lead balanced lives, see life as an adventure, are synergistic, and exercise for self-renewal† (Robinson Skinner, 2008). Step 6: Selecting delivery framework These are the strategies and individuals to be used for teaching participants about leadership. This includes positional leaders and emerging ones. Positional leaders include coaches and captains who are directly responsible of development of athleticism in individual-student athletes which will ultimately lead them to winning championships (Fiedler, 2002). Emerging leaders include students joining the program and those who have been it for a while and want to further their leadership skills. This way, the plan ensures that it has a never ending supply of talent and new leadership, i. e. it is sustainable. Step 7: Select Assessment and Evaluation Strategies This step ensures that intentional assessment and evaluation tools will are available. It is recommended that the implementation of the blueprint is assessed after the first full year of implementation. The tools to be used for this assessment may include â€Å"focus groups, student-athlete exit interviews, pre- and post-surveys, student-athlete post-season evaluations, etc† (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This process is meant to explore needs, outcomes and satisfaction derived from the plan. CONCLUSION A School Athletic Leadership Plan like the one outlined above will go a long way in accomplishing a varied range of needs in the school. It clearly shows the need to implement an effective plan from which students can derive numerous benefits. The step by step process is imperative in creating a leadership program which is self sustaining and which is deeply rooted in the institutional goals and vision. This ensures that it is embraced by all. REFERENCES Amorose, A. J, and Horn T. S (2000). Intrinsic Motivation: relationship with collegiate athletes’ gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches’ behavior. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 22(1), 63 – 84. Fiedler, F. E (2002). Proactive ways to improve leadership performance. Handbook of organizational consulting psychology, 76 – 105, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Lanasa, J. , Ciletti, D. and Lackman, R. (2005). Designing a Model for Improved Outcomes Among Students- Athletes in Sports Education. Left Coast Press. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010http://lcoastpress. metapress. com/index/6jp60m3240x253mm. pdf MacGregor, G. M. (2005). Designing Student Leadership Programs: Transforming the Leadership Potential of Youth. Youthleadership. com Robison, T. I and Skinner, T. (2008). The Athlete and the Grade Change. Cases in Educational Leadership. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010http://jel. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/11/1/106 Snodgrass, S. (2005). Building a high school leadership program. Gale, Cengage Learning. University of Wisconsin. (2007). A Grounded Theory Of High Quality Leadership Programs: Perspectives From Student Leadership Development Programs In Higher Education. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Young, J. and Edmonson, S. (2010). High School Athletic Directors and Educational Leadership Traits: A Conceptual Analysis of the Literature. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010http://www. ncpeapublications. org/attachments/article/33/m34613. pdf

Relationship Between Service Quality and Client Satisfaction

Relationship Between Service Quality and Client Satisfaction Clients: Satisfaction with the Service and Organizational Justice Researchers consider that the service quality theory is based on the literature of client satisfaction and product quality (Brady Cronin, 2001). Liljander and Strandvik (1995) observed that client satisfaction is determined by the overall perception of the service quality. This overall picture about service quality of the organization is reached easily if a client regularly uses service of the organization (Liljander Strandvik, 1995). Lagace, Dahlstrom, and Gassenheimer (1991) found that by including â€Å"ethics† as component of the quality of the relationship between pharmaceutical buyers and sellers, ethical behavior led to higher levels of relationship quality and ethical behavior has been positively associated with client satisfaction (Lagace, et.al., 1991). Also, the research conducted in bank sector by Emari, Iranzadeh and Bakhshayesh (2011) found a significant relationship between perceived quality and client satisfaction, and testing Gronroos three dimensions model – which consists from technical, functional and image, the research revealed that general perceptions of the service quality is influenced by the technical quality, in other words it is influenced by outcomes what one receives (Straiter, 2005). According to above mentioned, service quality evaluated by the client can be considered as related to their satisfaction level. Similarly, when considering the service quality gap between employees and clients, we assume that, service quality gap decreases the level of client satisfaction with the organization. We want to reveal the service quality gap relationship with client satisfaction with intellectual disability care centers: H2a: Higher is the gap in service quality evaluation lower is the relatives’ satisfaction with the organization (fig I). The relationship between service quality and client satisfaction has been reported to be different in terms of strength between industries as well as between contexts (Ame, 2005, 2009; Sureshchandar et.al. 2002). Accordingly, researchers consider that some factors must be responsible in influencing this relationship. These include, but not limited to, the type of industry studied, nature of service, income levels of client, management culture, client social culture, gender, etc, (Ame, 2005). The various empirical findings on studies about service quality and client satisfaction have suggested that relationships on these variables may be moderated by some factors. Client perceived justice is one of the popular factors among researches in the field of service. Liao (2007) confirmed client perceived justice mediation effects on client satisfaction and service recovery performance. Also the study conducted to determine the influence of emotions on justice for client satisfaction conducted by Ellyawati, Purwanto and Dharmmesta (2012) found that clients’ perceived justice impacts on clients’ satisfaction. According to the one of the Justice theories Equity Theory, the inequality can be observed when person perceives that he/she is putting more and is getting less value, and satisfaction much depends on how one perceives the justice, injustice can lead to dissatisfaction and anger (Adams, 1965). Clients’ perceptions of the input and output, and their perception about the fair distribution of resources, information etc. is expected to have a moderator role for their satisfaction. Accordingly we expect that organizational justic e perceived by the relatives of PIDs can moderate the relationship of service quality gap and relatives’ satisfaction with the center: H2b: Relatives perception of organizational justice moderates relationship between service quality gap and relatives satisfaction with the organization (fig I). We discussed the problems of ethic in service quality from the side of the employees and from the side of the client (relatives). However, the situation is getting more complex and critical especially when considering the primary goal of the organization oriented on mental health care: to increase the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities (PIDs). We review this aspect in the next section. PIDs: Quality of Life and Service Quality Evaluation The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Quality of Life (QoL) as â€Å"individuals’ perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns† (The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment WHOQOL, 1997, p. 1). We can say that QoL exists when one perceives that lives with dignity, feels that dreams and ideas are respected, and is an active handler and responsible of own life (Tamarit, 2002). QoL as usually includes subjective evaluations of positive and negative aspects of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment 1998). Generally it includes health perceptions at physical and mental level and their relations—including conditions, social support, etc. (Kindig, Booske Remington, 2010). Organizations that provide services to people with intellectual disabilities (PIDs) also contribute to developing their QoL (FEAPS, 2010), and are designed to care the QoL of individuals with intellectual disabilities (Martinez-Tur, Peirà ³, Moliner, Potocnik, 2010). These organizations are the basic sources of QoL for people with intellectual disabilities (Moliner, Gracia, Lorente, Martinez-Tur, 2013). Since QoL of PIDs is directly derived from service quality that is provided for them, we suppose that it can be affected by the ethical challenges in services; service provided from professionals includes dilemma: to whom it must be ethical – to PIDs or to relatives? As we mentioned above service quality perceived by relatives and service provided by employees is related to challenges since they have different standards about how service should be provided. Usually for the mental healthcare service organizations a relevant source of information is the relative of the PIDs; QoL of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities can be evaluated from professionals/employees or from relatives. Since information which comes from external subject is more objective it is more relevant to use family member as the main evaluators to assess QoL of PIDs (Moliner, et. al., 2013). When there is a gap in service quality and QoL is evaluated by the relatives we argue that it can have influence on th e level of QoL of PID. Therefore in order to improve quality for future development in mental care related services the assessment of QoL is an important tool (Moliner, et. al., 2013). Our next hypothesis aims to find out this relationship among gap and QoL: H3a: Higher is the gap in service quality evaluation lower is the quality of life of PIDs’ perceived by their relatives (fig I). Any attempt to judge the service quality provided by mental healthcare services would be less complete not considering the experiences of people who use the product and receiving the service. By finding out what service users think, important information can be obtained which can have impact on other factors (National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence, 2012). National Institute for health and care excellence (NICE) claims that past years are characterized with more initiatives highlighting the importance of considering the service user’s experience about the service quality. E.g. Lord Darzi’s report on High Quality Care for All (2008) focuses on the importance of the entire service user experience to ensure that they are in a safe and well-managed environment (Darzi, 2008). To understand how center is operating to deliver high service quality to direct users (PIDs) it is important to understand what users think about their care and treatment. Our last hypothesis stresses on the effect of PIDs perceived service quality that can moderate the service quality gap effect on their QoL: H3b: PIDs’ service quality evaluation moderates the relationship between service quality gap and PIDs’ quality of life perceived by their relatives (fig I). With the almost universal increase the involvement and support for mental healthcare services more concerns are about the responsibility of the agencies and professionals who provide such assistance (Roth, Fonagy, Parry, 1996), the QoL of people with intellectual disabilities becomes a very important question nowadays. Specifically, social, educational and health services are focusing on providing services to people with intellectual disabilities, and establishing this subject as a specific goal of the organizational in order to find new ways of developing a QoL in the future (Schalock Verdugo, 2007). These questions and hypothesis give opportunities to orient organizations’ activities in order to improve the service quality, mental health, satisfaction and QoL at the centers for intellectual disabilities.