Guerrillas in Arkansas Essay Example for Free

Guerrillas in Arkansas Essay During the American Civil War, there were such things called guerrillas. No, I am not talking about the muscular black creatures that hide in the jungle. Though that is exactly how the Confederate independent companies got there name. Where and when did guerrilla warfare begin? Who did it involve? Who were these so called guerrillas and what was there strategy? Did certain Military commanders in Arkansas make an impact on the use of guerrillas? What were the strategies that Federals and Unionists used to stop guerrilla warfare? Daniel Sutherland’s Guerrillas: The Real War In Arkansas explains how partisan fighters helped shape the strategic and tactical patterns of the war. Shows us the reasons men became guerrillas, their roles in the Confederate service, and the guerrilla operations effectiveness. First off, guerrilla warfare began in February 1862 after Federal forces infiltrated as far south as Fayetteville and Batesville. In self-defense, Arkansans became guerrillas and started skirmishes. Guerrillas were formed with men who had been serving outside Arkansas in Confederate units or away from their family and homes. Not to be a traitor or do what they pleased but men often left the paper army to fight near their homes, where it matter most! Federal soldiers easily outnumbered and overpowered local defenses because Confederate government did not commit nearly enough troops to Arkansas. These guerrillas were shadow warriors and ghosts who struck Federal soldiers and Unionist flanks and rears. Guerrilla ambushes and midnight raids in Arkansas was how the Civil War was fought. Not a war within the war, but THE WAR. Secondly, General Earl Van Dorn became the first Confederate commander to endorse the use of Arkansas guerrillas in May 1862. After Van Dorn’s retreat from Pea Ridge, he has little choice for hundreds of men deserted to fight in isolated bands in northwest Arkansas. In June 1862, General Thomas C. Hindman, commander of the Confederacy’s Trans-Mississippi District, gave his final blessing to the formal organization of independent companies or â€Å"guerrillas. In theory, companies were to be governed by the same regulations as other regular troops, and elect their own officers. Arkansas’s terrain of mountains and deep rivers favored guerrilla actions in the north, and swamps in the south. The most costly economic factors and the most annoying of all guerrilla strategies were the suffering of river traffic and confiscation of its cargo. Guerrillas would hold the boats, take the cargo, and serve as commissaries to the interior. Last, what were the Federal soldiers and Unionist going to do to stop guerrilla warfare? Because up until the end of the war the United States government were basically supplying the Confederates and fighting them at the same time. In 1863, the Federals had released their counter-guerrilla campaign. A campaign that would have several regiments of good troops be raised in Arkansas for a short time to put down guerrillas. The counter-guerrilla acts were successful by reducing the power of Confederate guerrillas. An extensive variety of strategies were played by Federal forces to defeat irregulars in Arkansas. Arkansas Unionist forces were used as anti-guerrilla troops. Forces which used gunboats to control the waterways throughout rivers, and the head marshal’s military system that spied on alleged guerrillas and imprison those caught. By reinforcing that system, the Federal army developed an effective force themselves and defended Confederate raiders strategic targets. In conclusion, guerrilla warfare started because the Federal soldiers and Unionist outnumbered the structured Confederate Army. Protecting those they care about by remaining near their homes while settling family feuds. These guerrillas used tactics such as night raids, bushwhacks, and attacking the flanks and rears of Federal soldiers. General Van Horn and General Hindman backed the idea of forming an independent company called guerrillas after the losing both battles at Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove. Both Generals knew that the Arkansas terrain could give the Confederates an advantage to stop forces moving further south. The United States government basically supplied the Confederate as the same time of fighting. After realization, a counter-guerrilla campaign was put into action to stop Confederate raiders.

The History Of Aussie Pet Mobile Marketing Essay

The History Of Aussie Pet Mobile Marketing Essay Aussie Pet Mobile offers driving come to home grooming services for pets, providing the expert loving pet care that the same as the owners would provide. Our target customers are toward the pets owners especially for those who are singles with one or more pets or both working full time parents with poor time availability. Aussie Pet Mobile supplies different kinds of pet grooming services for releasing people from dull housework in washing pets. The pet care industry has seen growing tendency over the last ten years throughout Australia. Although the pets owners are below in the average of national, the density of pets is still visible in Canberra. Based on the target market segmentations, the analysis indicates that the pets owners are willing to spent money in the pets care services as they treated their pets as family members. The environment in mobile pet grooming industry is being regulated strictly by environmental and legal factors. While there are currently 11 companies providing mobile pet grooming services in ACT, only three of them are oligopoly to provide expert services. Compared with other major competitors, providing expert services in affordable price is the promise of Aussie Pet Mobile. To better compete in the fierce environment, the situation about SWOT and competitors analysis will be given by identifying the position of APM business. The recommendation based on 4P analysis suggests plan to assist APM in obtaining brand equity and market share. Then the recommended survival chain plan will be provided to assist the APM business in customer profitability, employee productivity, and internal and leadership audit. 1. Introduction In nowadays, the trend in raising pets has significant increased due to the rapid changes in peoples lifestyle. The subdivision in pet care industry has become more and more important according to the tendency. This is a decartelisation industry that derived value to pet owners to obtain market share, not only for the direct consumption such as foods, treats and accessories, but also related with pet care services like grooming, training and dog hotel and so on. To distinguish with traditional pets grooming salon, a new style which through appointment and coming direct to the home services has been launched. It is undeniable that with the changing in the technology, globalisation has provided various opportunities for this emerging industry. However, the potential problems will be exposed in the practice. The marketing report will evaluate on the environmental and situational impacts, and target market will be pointed out. Based on those analyses, the recommendation for the Aussie Pe t Mobile will be illustrated in terms of product, price, promotion and place. 2. Objectives The objectives are settling out based on the corporate, and marketing factors. For corporate perspectives, Aussie Pet Mobile has commenced on the successful marketing strategy and participates in the leadership in the industry. It aims in provide great value to all customers, and developing uniqueness and differentiate services to the public. On the other hand, for the perspective of marketing strategy, APM has positioned four goals in different aspects to gain competitive advantages. To recover into financial recession, it aims to achieve mutual practice on cost-efficient and differentiation strategy and becoming the best choice of Canberra within 2 years. To break even to cover all costs requires more profits that including vehicle costs, wages, direct materials and overhead costs. To encourage employee productivity and control costs in the manner of workers in obtaining business production efficiency in the social aspects. On the personal perspective, the managing on the customers relationships and brand image can support the process in generating revenue. Lastly, in maximising the using eco-friendly and nature materials and water saving will lead to implement sustainable development for the business. 3. Company Description Aussie Pet Mobile was formed in 1996 in Australia, and further expanded into global headquarters in the America in 1999 (Aussie Pet Mobile 2013). It regarded as the top brand in driving to home pet grooming services in the worldwide. The later on in introducing the franchise operations have become the most important strategy in developing their business scale. And the franchise chain is growing rapidly and currently faces totally over 400 territories serviced everyday through eight countries. They are continuously reinvented themselves to the evolution of pet grooming services to achieve customers satisfaction. They are commitment to the quality, flexible and loving care services to pets, and also to provide convenient to pets owners. 4. Environment Analysis 4.1 Economic environment According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012), the unemployment rate of ACT was 3.4%, and down from 4% in the previous year whereas lower than 5.2% of the national rate in 2012. Moreover, the average weekly earnings of Canberra are steadily increased up to 1,554.5 while the average rate in this state was 1,333.5 in the last year (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). Those data would indicate that the people in ACT have surplus on it budget to afford pet services. In the Australia, people are most enjoyed in spending substantial amount of money on pet care as they treated pets like their family members. Since there is a stronger signal in Canberra economy, the survival possibility for new business like pet service will be feasible. Referred to the evaluation of Headey (cited in Australian Companion Animal Council n.d.), the annual contribution of pet industry is around $4.74 Billion which becomes one of the largest industries in Australia. Overall, the mobile pet grooming indu stry is a fast growing industry that has great opportunity to expand in its best interest. Social Environment In many ways, pets have been treated more like love substitutes where children are undertaken in modern industrial society. Particularly, pets could be trained in a kindly way which is easier to love and helping owners to become sociality and more adequate tailored new lifestyle (Nast 2006). From physical activity perspective, pets become a kind of social support when they are owners exercising. A recent study reported that 31% of women who has no pets or job were less likely walk for exercising their bodies (Bell et.al. cited in Cutt 2006). The regular exercise is now playing a key role in a health life and prevention from illness. In targeting of Middle age adults, a national campaign in Australia is aimed to achieve small walking exercise everyday in order to make people involving in social marketing and social cognitive (Booth et.al. 2011). Indeed, walking with dogs could bring more attention, and can encourage communications between people. As advocates of making pets included i n the factors of social capital and community, pet owners will engage in green living by taking care their pets. Environmental analysis For the mobile pet grooming business, the most potential problem could be polluting. According to the Environment Protection Act 1997 and the Environment Protection Regulation 2005, this kind of business must strict complying with the regulation to avoid potential liability or fines (Environment and Sustainable Development 2012). The operator should consider how it might impact on the environment, such as water, land or air. Also, the noise pollution when you are working should be taken into account. For the water using to wash pets, there is limited amount to use, and avoid wastewater to flow into stormwater system. Ensure no spilling of chemicals or detergents to pollute stormwater, and the maintenance of machines should be regularly checked. The rubbish such as fur, nails and other wastes should be collected into general garbage and disposed it to participate in the environmentally friendly action everywhere you working. 4.4 Technological environment The technological environment is the most important part to support mobile pets grooming service. In relation with the working, the portable pets washing area as opposed to the fixed location should have enough space and well equipped to assist grooming service. Furthermore, to better competitive in this industry area, an improvement on water saving or recycling technology should be designed to help this business to survival, such as speciality shower heads or changing washing times. Also, the development of internet in head office must be appropriate built for the purpose of database design and customers feedback receiving. The benefits are easy to track employees work, build customers profile, and response to claims, which might further assist in creating brand image. As for a mobile pet grooming business, the calling system of direct interaction between customers should be well built as the core technology of company. 4.5 Legal environment The responsibility of pets grooming services is set up by Australian Welfare Code of Practice, and such standards in aim of providing protections during pets mobile services. Animal Welfare Act 1992, Animal Welfare Regulation 2001, Domestic Animals Act 2000, Domestic Animals Regulation 2001, and Animal Disease Act 2005 are aim to enforce these legislation in Canberra (Urban Policy Analysts and Town Planners 2006). These regulations have been put in place to monitor from the time of transferring custody rights of pets, and until it return to the pets owner. Also, there is the need of registration of vehicle and trailer for the vehicle that using in mobile pets grooming. From protection environment view, as I concluded in above, there is an offence to pollute stormwater system, and the Environment Protection Authority will manage the noise pollution while they received complaints (Environment and Sustainable Development 2012). Political environment The Australia Government do have policies to protect small business development. It aims in providing fair competitive environment for new growing business, and the regulations will guide small business in respect of their businesses operating, such as workplace health and safety, workplace relations, financial and other professional services and so on (COSBOA 2013). 5. Situation Analysis 5. 1 SWOT Analysis 5.1.1 S-Strengths Mobile pet grooming services can offer great value to pet owners. Firstly, customers can obtain exclusive time value from Aussie Pet Mobile. Since it is directly come to the home services which conveniently benefit for customers saving time. Secondly, as the services can come to the home of customers, it offers place value to them. Compared with the other retail stores, the advantage of flexible place can provides customers to release from shuttling between two places. Thirdly, customers can gain form value through services including grooming, bathing, nail-clipping, ear and dental care and so on. Moreover, because of it is an Australian wide franchise store, the quality of product or services has a warranty to customers and the company has capacity to provide superior services. Lastly, they have follow-up customer services which enable enquiry and feedback to reduce cognitive dissonance ( ). 5.1.2 W-Weaknesses There are many factors which might exposes problems in practice. Many people, against pet mobile services, are willing to wash their own pets to save money. To some extent, there is a majority of customers doing by themselves unless the need of trimming. The weakness relates with facilities and profession skills also harmful to business success. As pet mobile services need to rely heavily on vehicle use, this will lead on extra cost like petro, vehicle and registration and insurance. The possibility will be created in enhancing the price of services as those values adding cost happened. Besides, the requirement of qualifications and training on staff is essential to survival in the pet grooming industry. As the process directly contacts with pets, the knowledge of breed, behaviour, and health issues are required by the groomer. 5.1.3 O-Opportunities For Aussie Pet Mobile, there are some factors that can be improved to strengthen its services. As there is a large amount of pet owners in Canberra, the trend for pet grooming services will quickly grow. Especially for dog, it is the most adequate pets to washing and grooming, AMG can provide benefits to the busy dog owners and the communities they are part of. The improving on the washing facilities can assist in the effectiveness on pets grooming and saving water. Using media resources to promote in public influences can help in obtaining market shares and awareness. Although it is a franchise company with scale, the influence in the Canberra area still need more efforts. Also, to build its brand image and good reputation, excellent and professional services can create great opportunity for AMGs business. 5.1.4 T-Threats The negative impact will be carried out in internal and external environment. First of all, there are lots of different sizes pet services existed in the market, not only for mobile pet grooming services, but also various local dog washing venues. Indeed, as it is simply to set up, new competitors may easily enter in the market. Mobility can provides the lowest cost on build new mobile pet grooming business due to there is no requirement on the permanent shop. Furthermore, the external environment, which is economic recession, might encourage customers to wash pets by themselves to save money other than waste it in unnecessary ways. 5.2 Competitive analysis 5.2.1 Competitive advantage The Aussie Pet Mobile can gain competitive advantages in its marketing strategy. Firstly, the positioning strategy requires it providing outstanding services in affordable prices. 5.2.2 Competitors analysis The market of mobile pet grooming in Canberra is highly concentration competitive environment. The oligopoly occupied by three businesses in ACT area which are HydroDog (Blue wheelers), Aussie Pooch Mobile, Jims Dog Wash and Jams Dog Wash. In addition, there are listing 11 competing mobile suppliers in Yellow Pages (2013). The market in Canberra is volatility as there are new players continuously entered in. The potential threat could be some small family-based businesses, such as Sparkling Paws Mobile, occupied the market share quickly in specific region. For Sparkling Paws, it provides cost-efficient services in lowest prices. As it is family based, it normally uses home to operate business, and it can easily built relationship with neighbours. However, on the other hand, with respect of business size where small businesses may hardly survival in expanding their business strategy in short term. According to below positioning map of major competitors, it can be seem that HydroDog and James Dog Wash provide high standard services which also results in high price charging. Especilly for HydroDog, where renamed as Blue Wheelers, it aims in developing expert in modern technologies, products and new areas of customer service. The unique blue dog mobile salon is equipped with top of the range grooming and washing facilities such as air conditioning, specialist washing treatment and so on (Blue Wheelers 2013). While Aussie Pooch Mobile is rated second satisfaction in the Top Franchise Awards of level of initial investment less than $50,000 (Franchise Survey 2009), it is the number one dog wash and grooming professionals in the Australia and in the world (Aussie Pooch Mobile 2013). The operators in Aussie Pooch Mobile are specialist in pets stylish and massaging, and the services are in affordable price. 6. Target Market Segmentation 6.1 Geographic The population of dogs in Australia has increased significantly to 3.41 million whereas the cat population was 2.35 million in 2009. With the growing tendency in population of Canberra, the number of people has increased to 367,800 in 2011, which represents 15% growth rate compared with ten years ago(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). A survey conducted in 1993 (Revill 1994) that the estimation of the dog population in ACT has reached 36,000, and the number of amount will become extremely considerable at nowadays. Examine on behaviour of raising pets is considered their pet as part of the family and further indication in willing to cost money in their pet (RSPCA, 2005). The largest suburb population in Canberra is distributed in Belconnen area, and followed by Tuggeranong with 90,700, 89,300 respectively (ACT Chief Ministers Department 2010). This information makes it clear that there is more possibility to promote mobile pet grooming service in those areas. Since Belconnen is th e town centre of Canberra, of those people who leaves in there might pursue more convenient services for available releasing themselves from fast lifestyle, as well as taking care of pets. As Aussie Pet Mobile is a drive in service which could be directly in front of customers door, the distribution requirement has very less limitation on this company. However, there might be more demand in the large population of suburbs. Demographic There are several aspects to support people in raising pets. The more important aspect is financial capacity to sustain the expenditure on pets, as the cost varies from food, care, to veterinary services. According to the analysis above, the average earnings of Canberrans are beyond the national rate which indicates they owned substantial money to afford pets services. For the different group of people, household with young kid, in which is aged bellowing 5, were less possible to keep pets compared with those families who have children in school age. The trend grows consistently with the age of child, and with three-quarters of families raised pets where the aged of their child among 10-14 years old (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). The married couples with dependents have the largest proportion to own pets in all household types whilst lone parents were the second percentage with 49% and 41.1% respectively, and typically women are the major carers of the pet (RSPCA 2005). For those people who have pet, they could be identified as the potential customers for Aussie mobile pet grooming service especially for married women and lone parents who also need work and taking care about family and pets. Psychographics The influence of social class could be affected by three aspects: income, occupation, and education level (Perner 2012). As pet grooming services from Aussie Pet Mobile grooming are not cheap, with starting $55 per dog to $90 and the price varying depends on the size of pets. As for occupation of pets owners, the impact might depends on the how many available times are pets owners having, as well as income. For a busy worker, he or she might focus plenty of time on work to gain more personal values and salaries, but less time to look after pets. In other words, of those who have to constant to work, they are more likely to seek for mobile pets grooming services. Since there is a positive relationship between occupation and income, the regular worker will have less time but enough money to consume in Aussie Pet Mobile. Also, the impacts of income are obviously important in relation with purchasing pet grooming services. In a nutshell, the middle and upper class have more chance to uti lize the services. For the people who are attracted packaging more important than quality, such as aspirer, and have social awareness and respect value of time and curious about new thing like reformer, will be the majority group in consuming mobile grooming services. Behavioural For the time poor pets owners, also recognised as regular user, they are more likely to take repetitive purchases and heavily relied on the mobile grooming services. These group of people involve full time singles who own one or two more pets, both working parents with pets, and active no child couples who both have full time works, and enjoy in the social activities other than trifling chores. For example, they are tired with washing pets by themselves. After these groups are aware of coming front pets grooming services, and have experience in it, they might continuously use this services as it free them from consuming and limitation of time. Secondly, there might be some occasional users that potentially purchased mobile grooming services. For example, on special events, some local vets might wish to keep up with demand, and utilised their service referred to Aussie Pet Mobile services via discount deals. Also, some customers might curious about coming-to-home pets grooming service s and want to have a try, or they are busy at some specific time. In a word, there are two types customers to use Aussie Pet Mobile services, one is constant users who are lack of time to wash pets, and the other one is occasional users that are potentially demanded on services. 7. The Marketing Mix 7.1 Product Recommendation The Aussie Pet Mobile provides variety of services to customers including washing, clipping, teeth brushing, and puppy cuts and so on. It developed 15 Steps of grooming for all breeds of dogs and cats. The process includes cleaning the ears and the eyes and clipping the nails. The full brush is doing before and after the bath. In the shower, they use completely eco-friendly and nature shampoo and conditioner and double rinse after that. They will do trimming of the paws and feathers if you required. They will treat pets tasty food after a little fragrance. However, the services that APM provided are similar compared with other mobile pet grooming business. To better differentiate itself, the expansion on the services is vital for the long-term development. The designed services towards different group of pets that is important to differentiate it from all kinds of pet grooming business not only for the mobile grooming services. The designed services can be carried out in terms of different types of pets, but also develop it into all area. For example, the 15 Steps grooming services are mainly toward to dogs in terms of its physical characteristics. However, the services in treating cats should be carefully evaluated as it is not friendly pets to strangers. The designed services should be aimed in making cats more comfortable and ease in line with its physical and behaviour features. Also, providing different classes of services can gain more loyalty customers. The alternatives of choices in services will lead in the changing on the expectations from customers (Wells Foxall 2013). For instance, rich customers might look for the expert services whereas normal customers expected affordable price in suitable performance. The other area se rvices could be developing on consulting working, guarding and training to pets. The consulting and training services can contribute on the promoting their expertise in branding. 7.2 Price Recommendation The price decisions are always the most important component in the companys marketing strategy. Also, it cannot be ignore that reasonable price, continue with product quality, are the two ingredients in balancing marketing mix (Magrath 1986). The price of Aussie Pet Mobile is determined by service driven factors. There is a difference between small and large pets with the range from $55 to $90 depend on the weight (Aussie Pet Mobile 2013). Considering with services that APM provided, it is included driving come to home, 15 steps processing on the pets. The costs might invisibly absorb profits as there are some non-value adding activities. Price variables, including retail price, bargaining purchase, allowances, creditability, influence the testing of acquisition value by customers (Atamin et al. 2010). To maximise it pricing power, the cost leadership and differentiation strategy should be mutually used to compete with the other businesses. For the cost leadership strategy, the measurement of cost drivers is essential. There are many factors which might result in cost adding. For example, the driving come to home services will lead to cost on petrol. However, the suggestion would be to better arrange the operators in bustling region. As for an operator, the charge of business in only Belconnen area is more efficient than rushing on the road between Tuggeranong and Belconnen. Also, once the business targeted on 15 steps services, the evaluation on the repetitive activities should be carried out. Since there are two brush and two rinse activities included (Aussie Pet Mobile 2013), the usage of water and shampoo and cond itioner will be increased. The control on the consumptions of first time will lead more cost-efficiently not only for water saving, but also for retrench on direct materials. The differentiation strategy is based on the assumption of setting different classes of services. Then the value-based pricing could be implemented in high class services as it is the perception value (Kotler et.al. 2013) that high level pets owners expected. 7.3 Promotion Recommendation According to Atamin et.al. (2010), it stated that promotion is increasing the satisfaction of the objectives and influence the perceptions of target consumers to facilitate exchange within customers and company; also it contributes in effectively and efficiently communicating the decisions of business strategy. The general approach is through the using of television, radio, and printed advertisements in the geographic areas to hold the likelihood of repeat purchase. Especially in the downtown centre of Belconnen and Tuggeranong, the degree of publicity in public area for Aussie Pet Mobile, should be extremely enhanced in busy hours at the weekends. For example, increasing repetitive advertising on TV in shopping centre or famous restaurant in lunch time could strengths the memories of APM in relative with lower advertisement costs in whole day. The highly repetitive advertisement in specific times will increase the informing indication to customers (Quester et.al. 2011). Also, the customer promotion tools can be used to help APM gaining more market share (Kolter et.al. 2013). In some large occasions, such as public holiday, APM can send operators to bustling area in volunteer washing pets, and also hand out redeemable coupons and discount offers. The designed vehicle of APM could be the best spotlight to attract customers attentions because of it is the vital services operating tool, and it is the first thing showed up in customers mind rather than groomers. Besides, the trade promotion tool can also be implemented. Since the group buying activities are in growing tendency, APM can offer some allowanced discount in great value through internet marketing. Also, for the business to business purpose, Aussie Pet Mobile grooming can integrate their services to local vets or dog hotels during the busy periods. These services can keep up with demand and on the basis of promotion deals. 7.4 Place Recommendation Atamin et.al. (2010) said that the place are related with channels of distributions that delivering the product to the target consumers. However, because of pets groomer are directly toward customers to supply services, there is no distribution channel or through middle man sales. As it is free from place limitation, Aussie Pet Mobile may obtain place flexibility due to its particular types of business form. The shifting places will provide a mobile billboard advertisement for this business. To make sure of telephone number and website are on the appearance of van to promote business in everywhere. On the other hand, to build long term relationships with customers, the necessity of setting head office in local area is important. The function of this office is to manage consulting and job arrangement. And further in expanding their business provides a series of exclusive pet care work such as looking after pets when owners are away, and training pets to achieve sustainable development . 8. Overall Recommendation Aussie Pet Mobile is the largest franchise mobile pet grooming in the world (Franchise Help 2004). However, it is a stranger in the market of ACT. To increase brand equity, APM needs to focus on generating awareness quickly and differentiation. In order to obtain market share and brand loyalty, the survival chain should be audited based on the development. There are three factors that need to be attention. Firstly, the profitability and growth drivers are derived from customer loyalty. The action is on increasing brand-building media weight by participating more advertisement campaign. Television is recommended for the ability to draw massive attention. To use free social media might be a slow way to promote its brand, such as Facebook and Twitter, but still an appropriate way to run. Online marketing is an effective way to reach all kinds of customers, such as involving in the group buying sellers to offer discount package of services. Moreover, making some actions are toward target users through segmentation targeting. For the time poor regular workers, they might have less time on surf online to access discount information, so the information posters could be deliver to the mail box. For married women who have pets, the using of word of mouth can be developed in asking them to invite friends in consuming services and receive discount on their purchase. As women are the major carer of pets, they always consider about the value in using services. Secondly, the value derives from employee productivity can directly assist in achieving cost-efficient purpose. The efficiency and effectiveness is about how much resources being used in achieving organisation goals (Hupper Ishikawa 2005). A high performance employee will contribute to reduce costs as he or she has more productivity with respect of time range and direct materials costs. Lastly, a leadership and internal quality control underlies the survival chain success. The study on the market research and feasibility to seek suggestion from publics will help Aussie Pet Mobile easily entering into the market. With the brand audit, approachable suggestions and complaints from customers will help the business to track the problems. It demands to design on the website to provide a space to share experiences, such frequent asked questions, and blog builders incorporation. The voices from employees, including complaints and feedback, can directly influence the quality in services as it is the power of internal audit. 9. Budget To implement survival chain plan, associate costs should be taken into consideration. The typical costs are covered in advertisement on TV, negotiating deals with group buying, the printing cost of posters, labour cost, research and development such as questionnaires and information system design like website. According to Franchise Survey (2009), it stated that the initial investment of Aussie Pooch Mobile in capital is AU$25,000 $50,000, the estimated weekly turnover is $1154 whereas the estimated weekly marketing costs are $40. We can assume that the business scale is similar with Aussie Pooch Mobile, so the cost model is still same as their structure. However, although there is an economic inflation in nowadays, there will be slight increase in the weekly revenues as Aussie Pet Mobile is not charge in premium prices on the services whereas there will be great increasing on the costs. The result will be minimizing on the APMs profits. Obviously, the cost leadership strategy shoul d continuously implement throughout the businesss operation. 10. Conclusion In conclusion, the report mainly demonstrates the environmental factors influencing on Auss

Nociception :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Nociception Pain is possibly the most unpleasant sensations our senses can detect. Even though we typically fail to remember what pain feels like when we are not experiencing it, we certainly do not wish to experience pain. Despite pain's unpleasantness, it has to be appreciated for what it is. Namely, a mechanism that allows us to avoid dangerous situations, to prevent further damage, and to promote the healing process. Pain allows us to remove ourselves form dangerous situations, as we attempt to move away from noxious stimuli that cause pain. As we attempt to escape stimuli that cause pain after an initial insult on our body, pain can prevent further damage form occurring. Finally, pain promotes the healing process as we take great care to protect an injured body part form further damage as to minimize the experience of more pain. How is this unpleasant, yet helpful sensation detected? Nociception is the term commonly used to refer to the perception of pain. The receptors involved in pain detection are aptly enough referred to as nociceptors - receptors for noxious stimuli. (1) These nociceptors are free nerve endings that terminate just below the skin as to detect cutaneous pain. Nociceptors are also located in tendons and joints, for detection of somatic pain and in body organs to detect visceral pain. Pain receptors are very numerous in then skin, hence pain detection here is well defined and the source of pain can be easily localized. In tendons, joints, and body organs the pain receptors are fewer. The source of pain therefore is not readily localized. Apparently, the number of nociceptors also influences the duration of the pain felt. Cutaneous pain typically is of short duration, but may be reactivated upon new impacts, while somatic and visceral pain is of longer duration. (2) It is important to note that almost all body tissue is equipped with nociceptors. (1, 2) As explained above, this is an important fact, as pain has primary warning functions. If we did not feel pain and if pain did not impinge on our well-being, we would not seek help when our body aches. Hence, it makes evolutionary sense for the body to be so well equipped with nociceptors in almost all locations. The most notable exception to this logic is the brain. The brain itself has no nociceptors and therefore is pain insensitive. Why is this all-important structure not equipped with and therefore indirectly protected by nociceptors? Nociception :: Biology Essays Research Papers Nociception Pain is possibly the most unpleasant sensations our senses can detect. Even though we typically fail to remember what pain feels like when we are not experiencing it, we certainly do not wish to experience pain. Despite pain's unpleasantness, it has to be appreciated for what it is. Namely, a mechanism that allows us to avoid dangerous situations, to prevent further damage, and to promote the healing process. Pain allows us to remove ourselves form dangerous situations, as we attempt to move away from noxious stimuli that cause pain. As we attempt to escape stimuli that cause pain after an initial insult on our body, pain can prevent further damage form occurring. Finally, pain promotes the healing process as we take great care to protect an injured body part form further damage as to minimize the experience of more pain. How is this unpleasant, yet helpful sensation detected? Nociception is the term commonly used to refer to the perception of pain. The receptors involved in pain detection are aptly enough referred to as nociceptors - receptors for noxious stimuli. (1) These nociceptors are free nerve endings that terminate just below the skin as to detect cutaneous pain. Nociceptors are also located in tendons and joints, for detection of somatic pain and in body organs to detect visceral pain. Pain receptors are very numerous in then skin, hence pain detection here is well defined and the source of pain can be easily localized. In tendons, joints, and body organs the pain receptors are fewer. The source of pain therefore is not readily localized. Apparently, the number of nociceptors also influences the duration of the pain felt. Cutaneous pain typically is of short duration, but may be reactivated upon new impacts, while somatic and visceral pain is of longer duration. (2) It is important to note that almost all body tissue is equipped with nociceptors. (1, 2) As explained above, this is an important fact, as pain has primary warning functions. If we did not feel pain and if pain did not impinge on our well-being, we would not seek help when our body aches. Hence, it makes evolutionary sense for the body to be so well equipped with nociceptors in almost all locations. The most notable exception to this logic is the brain. The brain itself has no nociceptors and therefore is pain insensitive. Why is this all-important structure not equipped with and therefore indirectly protected by nociceptors?

Teamwork :: essays research papers

Teamwork __________ is a sequence of planned activities designed to gather and analyze data on the functioning of a group and to initiate changes designed to improve teamwork and increase team effectiveness. Student response:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Correct Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Student Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Answer Choices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team enhancing. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team building.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team structuring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team championing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team structuring. Question 2 (1 point) Activities that support the group's social and interpersonal relationships are called __________. Student response:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Correct Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Student Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Answer Choices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maintenance activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functional activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Task activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Directive activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statutory activities. Question 3 (1 point) When a group's members believe that their participation and experiences are positive and meet important personal needs, the __________ characteristic of group effectiveness is being demonstrated. Student response:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Correct Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Student Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Answer Choices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Task performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Member commitment. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Member satisfaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team viability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team changeability. Question 4 (1 point) The __________ puts people into small groups of six to seven members and asks everyone to respond individually and in writing to a basic question such as:  ¡Ã‚ °What should be done to improve the effectiveness of this work team? ¡Ã‚ ± Student response:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Correct Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Student Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Answer Choices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statutory technique. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nominal group technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brainstorming technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freewheeling technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Delphi technique. Question 5 (1 point) Which of the following descriptions about teams and teamwork is NOT accurate? Student response:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Correct Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Student Response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Answer Choices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most notable ways in which work is changing is the shift from individual jobs to teams and teamwork.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many situations, teams and teamwork are considered important, even essential, keys to productivity and quality of work life improvements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Putting team concepts to work is a major challenge for people who are used to more traditional ways of working.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visionary entrepreneurs, leaders, and managers recognize the value of teams and implementing creative work group designs.

Robert J. Graves, MD and Graves Disease Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Graves’ disease was named after Robert J. Graves, MD, around the 1830’s. It is an autoimmune disease indicated by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies, which is an antibody that attacks the person’s own body. The immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which causes it to produce too much thyroxine. Thyroxine is a hormone that helps control growth and also regulates metabolism in the body. While the thyroxine levels are high the patient’s metabolic rate increases, which can have an effect on their physical appearance as well as their frame of mind. Graves’ disease is the number one cause of hyperthyroidism in the U.S. There are many signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease. Symptoms of Graves’ disease include anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tiredness, irregular or accelerated heart rate, and sensitivity to heat. Sign of Graves’ disease are tremors in the hands and fingers, weight loss, brittle hair, goiter, menstrual cycle changes, and more frequent bowel movements. People with Graves’ disease also report having symptoms of Graves’ opthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease. This can include bulging of the eyes, itchy eyes, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and swelling around the eyelids. More severe cases of opthalmopathy include corneal ulcers, double vision, blurred vision, and restricted eye movements. According to a journal published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, â€Å"Smoking greatly increases the risk for Graves’ opthalmopathy. Among patients with Graves’ opthalmopathy, smokers had more severe eye disease than nonsm okers. Smoking also appears to be one of the multiple factors inducing Graves’ disease in genetically predisposed individuals.† One more sign of Graves’ disease, though it is no... ...t it is not known what causes Graves’ disease to occur, the fact that there are so many treatment options is astonishing. Works Cited Christian Nordqvist. â€Å"What Is Graves’ Disease? What Causes Graves’ Disease?† Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Int., 6 Nov. 2009. Web 10 Mar. 2012. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170005.php Sai-Ching Jim Yeung, MD, PhD, FACP. â€Å"Graves’ Disease† emedicine.medscape. 30 Sep. 2011. Web 10 Mar. 2012 http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-overview#showall Dr. Asha Thomas. â€Å"Treatment of Graves’ Disease† Baltimore Sun. 19 Oct. 2009 10 Mar. 2012. http://www.baltimoresun.com/2009-10-19/news/0910180070_1_graves-disease-underactive-thyroid-thyroid-disease Mark F. Prummel, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. â€Å"Smoking and Risk of Graves’ Disease† The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 10 Mar. 2012

Individual Learner Differences In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

1. IntroductionThe fact that competence degrees attained by 2nd linguistic communication scholars fluctuate so greatly ( Lightbown and Spada, 2006: 53 ) , raises an challenging inquiry with respects to 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( SLA ) , why are some persons better at geting linguistic communication than others? A major ground for this fluctuation in L2 proficiency degrees is normally attributed to single scholar differences ( ILDs ) , ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005: 2 ) . This essay sets out to explicate the of import function that ILDs play in SLA, through an in-depth treatment on the part made by L2 motive. Three influential theories offering different positions on L2 motive: the Socio-educational theoretical account, self-government theory and the Process theoretical account will be discussed in item. I will besides look at the theoretical displacements presently taking topographic point in L2 motive research, before reasoning with a treatment on the schemes that instructors can utilize to instil and nurture motive in their pupils.2. Role of ILDs in SLAIndividual differences are alone larning features which are present in all scholars to changing grades. They can assist to separate acquisition demands and place the extent to which scholars will win in geting a 2nd linguistic communication ( Lightbown and Spada, 2006 ) . These differences are societal, cognitive and affectional in nature, and include aptitude, motive, age, personality, larning schem es, larning manners and anxiousness ( for detailed reappraisals, see for illustration, Naiman et al 1995 ; Skehan 1989 ; D & A ; ouml ; rnyei 2005 ) . Their relevancy to linguistic communication accomplishment has made ILDs, a focal point of considerable attending in SLA research ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005 ) . Developments in research, particularly in relation to aptitude and motive, has seen a displacement from a product-orientated attack to a more process-orientated stance ( ibid: 6 ) . Recent surveies have highlighted the importance of the temporal nature and situational context of scholar features ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . Current statements nevertheless, have suggested that instead than being massive variables, ILDs are complex properties dwelling of a combination of sub-components and sub-processes ( ibid ) . All ILDs are implicated in linguistic communication acquisition, nevertheless they do non work in isolation and some even have elements in common ( Gardner, 2008 ) . A expression at some of the influential theories which have emerged from research on L2 motive over the last 50 old ages will assist to explicate the complex function that ILDs can play in the linguistic communication larning procedure.3. L2 MotivationMotivation is a scholars ‘ orientation towards larning ends ( Gardner, 1985 ) , and is regarded by many as the most influential ILD in the linguistic communication larning procedure ( Ellis, 1985 ) . Therefore its relevancy to the schoolroom environment becomes apparent, and to cognize what drives this motive is of great pedagogic involvement. Many of the scholar features involved in the SLA procedure are dependent on, and in some instances wholly overridden by motive ( Gardner, 2006 ) . A scholar with a natural aptitude for larning linguistic communications, for illustration, may happen it hard to achieve long-run linguistic communication ends without the necessary motive ( ibid ) . On the other manus, high degrees of motive may take to successful acquisition, even where small aptitude exists for linguistic communication ( ibid ) . Theories looking to explicate the function of motive in linguistic communication acquisition have evolved through four chief phases. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ( 2005 ) categorises these as: the Social Psychological period ( 1959-1990 ) ; the Cognitive-Situated period ( 1990 ‘s ) ; the Process-orientated phase ( late 1990 ‘s ) ; and eventually a period ( last decennary ) consisting of new attacks that have focused on a scholars sense of self-identity. Table 1 summarises the chief L2 motive theories and constructs.3.1. The Social Psychological attack to L2 motiveInterest in L2 motive was initiated by societal psychologists Wallace Lambert, Robert Gardner and associates every bit early as 1959, looking to understand the linguistic communication and culturalApproach to motiveExamplesSocial-psychologicalSocio-educational theoretical account, ( Gardner, 1985 ) .Cardinal constructs: Integrative motive, Integrativeness, integrative orientation.Theory of Linguistic assurance, ( Clement , 1986 ) .Cardinal constructs: Self-confidence – a self-belief of holding the ability to pull off the acquisition procedure. Cognitive – SituatedSelf-determination theory, ( Brown, 1994 ; Noels et al. , 2000 ) .Cardinal constructs: intrinsic/extrinsic motive, amotivation.Attribution theory, ( Weiner, 1992 ) .Cardinal constructs: imputing past success or failure to current actions.Goal puting theory, ( Oxford and Shearin, 1994 ) .Cardinal constructs: Cognitive perceptual experience of ends as a motivation factor.Goal orientation theory, ( Ames, 1992 ) .Cardinal constructs: Goal command andperformance orientations.Motivation and scholar scheme usage, ( Oxford and Nyikos ; 1989, Macintyre et al. , 1996 ) .Cardinal constructs: Motivation as a cardinal factor in exciting scheme usage.Task Motivation, ( Julkunen, 2001 ; Dornyei, 2003 ) .Cardinal constructs: undertaking executing, assessment, action control. Assorted attackI. Willingness to pass on, ( Macintyre et al. , 1998, 2003 ) .Cardinal constructs: Willingness to pass on as a cardinal factor for accomplishing communicative competence. Process-orientatedProcess theoretical account, ( Dornyei and Otto, 1998 ; Dornyei, 2001b ) .Cardinal constructs: temporal nature of motive, which includes a preactional/actional/postactional phase. Current and futureL2 motivational ego system, ( Dornyei, 2005 ) .Cardinal constructs: ideal L2 ego, ought-to L2 ego.Complex dynamic systems, ( Larsen-Freeman, 2007 ) .Cardinal constructs: incorporating different theoretical positions.Table 1. Some of the different attacks used in L2 motive researchstruggles between English and Gallic speech production communities in Canada. Their research adopted a socio-psychological attack, based on the cardinal thought that a scholar ‘s success in geting a 2nd linguistic communication is dictated by an attitude towards the mark linguistic communication community ( Gardner, 1985 ) . Their research on pupils larning Gallic showed that aptitude and motive are closely associated with accomplishment in linguistic communication acquisition ( ibid ) . They concluded that motive is characterised by an person ‘s willingness to be like members of the mark community ( ibid ) . A theoretical account based on a socio-psychological attack that has been really influential in L2 motive research is Gardner ‘s socio-educational theoretical account ( see for illustration, Gardner and Lambert, 1972 ; Gardner, 1985 ; Gardner and MacIntyre, 1991 ) . The most recent version of this theoretical account is shown in figure 1.LANGUAGE ACHIEVMENTOther Factors( for illustration, Learning schemes, linguistic communication ANXIETY ( Gardner, 2001 ) )Other SupportLANGUAGE APTITUDEINTEGRATIVE MOTIVATIONINTEGRATIVENESSMotivationATTITUDE TOWARDS THE LEARNING SIITUATIONFigure 1. A basic theoretical account of the function of motive in SLA ( adapted from Gardner ( 2001b ) ) .The most luxuriant and researched facet of Gardner ‘s theoretical account is ‘integrative motive ‘ , which he defines as the motive to larn a L2 because of a positive attitude towards, and a desire to incorporate with that community ( Gardner, 2001b ) . The three variables that constitut e integrative motive are ( ibid ) : Integrativeness – this represents a desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication to place with the mark community, and is reflected in a scholar ‘s behavior through the followers: An integrative orientation, stand foring the ground for acquisition, which in this instance is an involvement in larning an L2 to interact with the mark community. A positive attitude towards the mark linguistic communication group. An involvement in foreign linguistic communications or a general openness to all linguistic communication groups. Attitudes towards the acquisition state of affairs ( ATLS ) – this refers to attitudes towards the linguistic communication instructor, the class in general, the class stuffs and other factors related to the larning context. Motivation – this is a scholar ‘s end driven behaviour. A motivated scholar: makes a conjunct attempt to larn a linguistic communication, for illustration by making excess work and seeking more learning chances, displays a strong desire to larn a linguistic communication and is focused on accomplishing the end, enjoys acquisition and has an overall positive attitude towards the acquisition procedure. An integratively motivated scholar is hence: motivated to larn a 2nd linguistic communication, lament to interact and be associated with the mark community, and has a positive mentality on the learning state of affairs. To prolong consistent degrees of motive, integrativeness and/or a positive ATLS are indispensable features, nevertheless, it is the motive component of the ‘Integrative Motivation ‘ composite that is the active variable and which straight influences ‘Language Achievement ‘ ( Gardner, 2001b: 6 ) . Therefore, a scholar who has a high degree of integrativeness and/or a positive attitude towards larning, but is low in motive is improbable to accomplish high degrees of proficiency. The affect of instrumental factors on L2 motive was non included in Gardner ‘s nucleus theory, but he suggests that they could be one of the ‘other supports ‘ impacting motive ( Gardner, 2001a: 7 ) . Based on this, it is possible to replace integrativeness with instrumentality in the representation of the theoretical account in figure 1, to give what Gardner calls ‘Instrumental Motivation ‘ ( ibid ) . This is a motive to larn a L2 for instrumental additions, such as better employment or instruction. An instrumentally motivated scholar has specific communicative demands, which provide a intent for larning and an drift for successful linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner and Lambert, 1972 ) . Gardner ‘s theoretical account makes small mention to other properties, for illustration, personal aspirations and past experiences, which could impact an integratively motivated scholar. However, empirical research in different contexts is continuously conveying to illume the possibility of including more factors in the general L2 motivational concept. To look into Gardner ‘s theoretical account for adaptability, Tremblay and Gardner ( 1995 ) integrated other measurings of motive, such as anxiousness and goal-setting schemes. Empirical testing of the drawn-out theoretical account showed that add-on of the excess variables did non impact the construction of the original theoretical account ( ibid ) . Research on motive in different context has led some applied linguists to propose the impression of the linguistic communication community associated with integrative motive is indefensible for international scholars of English ( Ushioda and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . In a multi-lingual society like China, for illustration, few chances exist for interacting with native English communities. In such a context, instrumental motive or external factors ( for illustration, tests and employment ) are more prevailing among scholars than a desire for incorporating with native talkers of English ( Warden and Lin, 2008 ) . For this ground, other research workers have suggested that the integrative concept should at least be re-examined by including the planetary L2 larning context and the multi-dimensionality of a scholar ‘s individuality. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Csizer, ( 2002 ) suggested that instead than placing with an external linguistic communication community, the integrative construct could be more accurately linked to a scholar ‘s internal procedure of designation with a self-concept. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ‘s ( 2005 ) motivational self-system which developed from this thought is discussed in subdivision 3.4.3.2. Self-government Theory and SLAInfluenced by progresss in motivational psychological science, and a demand to understand the classroom-situated nature of motive, L2 research moved on from a socio-psychological attack, to look at affects of classroom-situated factors on motive. Self-government theory ( SDT ) is a extremely influential attack in motivational psychological science, and several surveies have attempted to integrate some of its constituents to explicate L2 motive ( for illustration, Brown, 1994 ; Noels et al. , 2000 ) . Harmonizing to this theory there are three types of scholar motives: intrinsic motive, extrinsic motive, and amotivation ( Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . These motives form a continuum depending on the grade of scholar self-government, where self-government is as an person ‘s sense of pick and control over the learning procedure ( ibid ) . Intrinsic Motivation ( IM ) refers to an person ‘s motive to set about an activity, strictly for personal feelings of pleasance and enjoyment associated with that activity, and is driven by a desire for competency and self-government ( Noel et al. , 2000 ) . Intrinsically motivated pupils are considered more likely to accomplish liberty, competency and fulfil long-run linguistic communication ends ( Ramage, 1990 ) . Extrinsic motive ( EM ) , on the other manus, relates to actions carried out for: instrumental additions, in hunt for wages or to avoid penalty ( Noels et al. , 2000 ) . This motive can change in degree depending on the extent to which the activity is controlled by the scholar or other variables ( Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . Vallerand et al. , ( 1993 ) have suggested six subtypes of IM and EM which lie on a continuum of self-government ( see table 2 ) . Christmass ( 2001 ) suggests that L2 learner motive can be assessed utilizing the intrinsic and extrinsic concepts. These motives nevertheless, do non needfully hold to be sole, for illustration, a scholar whose behavior is consistent with ‘identified ordinance ‘ may besides exhibit some of the next motives on the continuum ( ibid ) .Self-governmentType of MotivationDescriptionHigh Nothing Intrinsic Motivation to cognize Performing an activity for the pleasance associated with acquisition or researching new cognition. E.g. , when reading a new book. Intrinsic Motivation to carry through Performing an activity for the pleasance associated with carry throughing or making something. E.g. , a pupil making more prep than is required. Intrinsic Motivation to see stimulation Performing an activity for the stirred esthesiss ( e.g. pleasance and exhilaration ) associated with battle with the activity. E.g. , a pupil who goes to category for the pleasance of take parting in treatments. Extrinsic Motivation – Identified Regulation Extrinsic motive is internalised to the extent that learner behavior is regulated by a sense of value and utility of the activity to the ego. E.g. , a pupil who surveies the dark before an test because they think it is of import to them. Extrinsic Motivation – Introjected Regulation Learner behavior is regulated by internalization of past external agencies. E.g. , analyzing the dark before an test because it is expected of a good pupil. Extrinsic Motivation – External Regulation Learner behavior is regulated wholly by external agencies ( wagess or restraints ) – demoing the least self-determined signifier of extrinsic motive. E.g. , Analyzing the dark before an test because of force per unit area from parents. Amotivation A deficiency of extrinsic and intrinsic motive. A scholar feels their behavior is regulated by factors out of their control, and may finally drop out of the acquisition procedure.Table 2. Language Learning Orientation Scale: Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation ( adapted from Vallerand et al. , ( 1993 ) ) .Intrinsic motive is characterised by a strong sense of self-government, and is closely associated with integrative motive ( Noels, 2001 ) . This suggests that pupils larning a linguistic communication for pleasance may besides be seeking interaction with the L2 community. Intrinsic motive nevertheless, is identified more with attitudes towards larning, than the mark community ( ibid: 54 ) . The societal environment ( for illustration, the instructor, household members and the L2 community ) has considerable influence on a pupil ‘s perceptual experience of self-government. A instructor plays a important function in this respect, and can advance intrinsic motive by promoting learner liberty and supplying positive feedback ( Noels, 2000: 55 ) . Similarly, pupils larning for intrinsic grounds are more sensitive to the instructor ‘s instructional manner ( ibid ) . In contrast, the less self-determined external ordinance constituent of extrinsic motive is linked to instrumental behavior ( Noels, 2001: 53 ) . A restriction of extrinsic behavior is that it can hold short-run features. A survey carried out by Ramage ( 1990 ) showed that pupils who learnt a linguistic communication for academic grounds are more likely to stop future linguistic communication categories. Extrinsic class force per unit areas, for illustration, compulsory reading, can besides negatively impact a scholar ‘s intrinsic involvements ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 1994a ) .3.3. A Process-orientated attack to motiveD & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Otto ‘s ( 1998 ) procedure theoretical account of motive integrates assorted theoretical positions of L2 motive, and draws attending to the temporal nature of motive in schoolroom acquisition. The theoretical account is influenced by Heckhausen and Kuhl ‘s Action control theory, which proposes two consecutive stages of motivatio nal behavior: an person ‘s motive to organize an attending, and a motive to originate and prolong the intended action ( Heckhausen, 1991 ) . D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Otto ‘s theoretical account interruptions down the motivational procedure into three temporal stages. The first relates to the transmutation of initial desires to ends, and so purposes. The following sees these purposes being enacted, taking to the successful/unsuccessful achievement of ends, and the concluding stage is an overall rating of the acquisition procedure ( see figure 2 ) .Preactional Phase( Choice Motivation )Motivational Functions: generate motive to choose a end ; organize an purpose to move ; choose an action program to ordain the purpose. Possible factors act uponing motive: end belongingss ; attitude towards the acquisition procedure ; attitude towards the mark community ; perceptual experience of self-ability ; societal environmental encouragement or disheartenment.Actional Phase( Executive Motivation )Motivational Functions: transport out sub-tasks to keep motive ; ongoing assessment of accomplishment ; action control ( self-regulation to assist persist with larning ) . Possible factors act uponing motive: quality of the learning experience ; grade of liberty ; teacher, learner group and household influence/support ; schoolroom construction ( competitory or co-operative ) ; cognition and ability to utilize self-motivating, goal-setting and learning schemes.Postactional Phase( Motivational Retrospection )Motivational Functions: property grounds to success or failure ; elaborate internal criterions and action-specific schemes ; disregard original purpose and farther planning. Possible factors act uponing motive: personal ascription manner ; assurance ; feedback.Figure 2. Process theoretical account of L2 larning motive ( adapted from Dornyei, ( 2003: 19 ) ) .An of import averment made by the process-orientated theoretical account is that motivational behavior is influenced by different factors. Consequently, different theories of motive can be associated with each stage ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003: 18 ) . Integrativeness, for illustration, may be the motivational influence on end scene in the preactional phase. In the executive stage, situated facets of motive drama a greater function, mechanisms of the undertaking processing system are more relevant here ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003 ) . The retrospective links that scholars make between the original end and existent accomplishment in the post-actional phase are likely to be attributed to past acquisition experiences, a motivational behavior addressed by Weiner ( 1992 ) in the ascription theory. Two facets that the theoretical account overlooks are: the possibility of several actional procedures running at the same time, or an actional procedure with multiple motivational influences ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003 ) . This is likely in a school scene, where pupils frequently have multiple ends ( for illustration, societal and academic ) and overlapping motivational influences ( for illustration, undertaking, class or course of study related ) ( ibid ) . The theoretical account assumes that the actional procedures have defined boundaries, nevertheless in an educational context it may be hard to place where one actional procedure starts and the following Begins.3.4. Present and future: The motivational self-system and a Dynamic systems attack.Since the socio-psychological period of motive research, the planetary world of English has changed vastly. The rapid globalization of English has challenged the cogency of many SLA theories ( Kachru, 1988 ) , because these theories fail to see the context of the universe Englishes scholar ( Sridhar and Sridhar, 1992 ) . With limited or no contact opportunities with the native mark community, the impression of a ‘self-concept ‘ ( mentioning to an person ‘s images and knowledges of the ego ) suggested by D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Csizer ( 2002 ) , is perchance a more relevant motivational characteristic in many EFL contexts. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei developed this thought farther, in his L2 motivational self-system, which equated integrativeness with an ‘ideal L2 ego ‘ ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005 ; 2010 ) . The chief constituents of this system are: ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2010 ) ‘Ideal L2 Self ‘ – a L2-specific image of the properties that one would wish to possess. For illustration, hopes, desires, aspirations. ‘Ought-to L2 Self ‘ – a self-guide which refers to those properties one thinks one ought to possess to run into outlooks and avoid negative results. ‘L2 Learning Experience ‘ – this refers to the executive motivations ( similar to those identified in the Process theoretical account ) associated with the immediate acquisition environment and experience. For illustration, impact of the instructor, other scholars, the class, the experience of success. The hypothesis behind the self-system is that a scholars desire to go a individual proficient in the L2, serves as a powerful actuating force to larn a linguistic communication ( Ushioda and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009: 3-4 ) . A recent survey in the Nipponese context showed that this desire represented by the ideal L2 ego is tantamount to the construct of integrativeness in Gardner ‘s socio-educational theoretical account, but the ideal L2 ego is likely more accurate in explicating motivated behavior ( Ryan, 2009 ) D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ‘s thought of puting the ‘self ‘ at the Centre of the conceptual function of motive offers a new position, nevertheless it overlooks the process-orientated, and contextually dynamic nature of motive. Justifying this complex nature of L2 motive, can merely be possible by incorporating more than one attack ( Macintyre et al. , 2010 ) . A possibility of uniting different positions of motive is suggested by Ushioda ( 2009 ) with her person-in-context, relational position of emergent motive. She suggests that incorporating relevant theoretical models to back up future analysis of the complex nature of interactive procedures and contextual factors in motivational behavior can assist to supply a better apprehension of how L2 motive is shaped ( ibid ) . A similar possibility is offered by the theoretical paradigms of dynamic systems theory ( for a elaborate reappraisal, see Larsen-Freeman and Cameron, 2008 ) . This theory involves a survey of systems, where the system is analysed as a whole instead than as its single parts ( ibid ) . Learner fluctuation is seen as the consequence of a complex system of relevant factors working in unison, instead than as a consequence of differences in single determiners ( for illustration, aptitude or motive ) ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . As an illustration of an application of a dynamic systems attack to L2 acquisition, D & A ; ouml ; rnyei suggests the possibility of placing an optimum combination of motivational, cognitive and affectional factors with respect to task behavior, that map as an incorporate unit ( for a elaborate reappraisal see, ibid ) .4. The practical value of theory – motivational schemes for the schoolroomChomsky ( 1988 ) emphasises the critical function played by ins tructors in scholar motive by proposing that 90 nine per cent of learning involves acquiring pupils interested in larning. A linguistic communication instructor ‘s motivational pattern is besides linked straight to increased degrees of scholar motive ( Guilloteaux and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2008 ) . Therefore, the demand to utilize appropriate schemes to pull off schoolroom motive is highly relevant to L2 practicians. Motivational schemes are techniques used by a instructor to pull off learner motive, or used by single scholars to modulate their ain motive degrees ( Guilloteaux and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2008 ) . Although, several motive schemes have been proposed in L2 literature ( for illustration, Williams and Burden, 1997 ; D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2001a ; Alison and Halliwell, 2002 ) , really few are supported by empirical grounds. Self-motivating schemes for scholars are an even less researched country of L2 motive ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006 ) . An illustration of an luxuriant, theory-based model which looks at motivational schemes from both a instructor and leaner position is proposed by D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ( 2001a ) . This theoretical account consists of four stages ( ibid ) : Making the basic motivational status, by set uping a good student-teacher relationship, a relaxed acquisition atmosphere and a cohesive scholar group. Generating initial motive by: Strengthening linguistic communication related values and attitudes ( intrinsic, integrative or instrumental values ) . Increasing the anticipation of success. Increasing goal-orientedness, for illustration, by doing scholars cognizant of the practical ( non-syllabus related ) grounds or value of making an activity. Making learning stuffs relevant. Making realistic scholar beliefs. Many new scholars have inaccurate beliefs about linguistic communication acquisition, a realization of their falsity can hold a demotivating influence. Keeping and protecting motive, to maintain sight of ends, and keep involvement and concentration. The most relevant schemes in this stage include: Making the acquisition procedure stimulating and interesting. Showing undertakings in a motivation mode, doing them exciting and relevant. Puting specific scholar ends. Continuing the scholar ‘s self-esteem and advancing their assurance. Making scholar liberty. Promoting self-motivating scholar schemes in order to: Continue the original end committedness, for illustration, by promoting scholars to retrieve favorable outlooks or positive wagess. Maintain concentration, for illustration, by promoting scholars to: place and pull off distractions ; and concentrate on the first stairss to take when get downing an activity. Eliminate ennui and add excess involvement in a undertaking, for illustration, by demoing scholars how to add a turn to a undertaking and utilizing their imaginativeness to do it more stimulating. Manage riotous emotions and bring forth a positive emotional province, for illustration, by acquiring pupils to self-encourage and presenting them to relaxation techniques. Remove negative and utilise positive environmental influences, for illustration, by promoting pupils to take distractions and inquiring for equal aid. Promoting positive retrospective self-evaluation, by: Promoting positive scholar ascriptions ( an thought supported by the Attribution theory, Weiner, 1992 ) Supplying motivational feedback, that is enlightening and encouraging. This can assist to increase learner satisfaction and assurance, and encourages constructive self-reflection on failings. Using wagess and classs carefully, as they can deflect the scholar from the existent intent of the undertaking ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006:730 ) . When they are used, they should be offered in a motivational mode. The most motivation of instructors are considered to be those who rely on a few simple and carefully selected techniques ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006: 730-731 ) . Therefore, accomplishing optimum degrees of scholar motive are more likely if motivational schemes are matched by a instructor selectively, to scholars ‘ specific demands.5. DecisionThis essay discussed the important function that motive, as an illustration of an ILD variable, plays in the long and backbreaking undertaking of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. I presented three influential theories that have approached L2 motive from different positions, and looked at some of the current tendencies in motivational research. A expression at some possible motivational schemes demonstrated how theoretical constructs can be applied to better the quality of schoolroom acquisition. The motivational features of the L2 scholar highlight the complex but influential function played by ILDs in SLA. Many of the variables involved in L2 motive have a grade of convergence, and interact both with each other and other ILDs ( Gardner, 2008 ) . In order to understand the true nature of these webs of interactions and their affect on L2 accomplishment, the possibilities offered by a dynamic systems attack is likely the best manner frontward.

Principles of business and administration Essay

1. Explain why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least three reasons in your answer. For any business to be successful it must be willing to make changes to best provide the services that are required whilst at the same time being profitable, Businesses must constantly evolve and improve both their produce and manufacturing procedures in order to stay competitive in the global marketplace. Management and employees alike must learn to adapt and respond to changes and new challenges. There are two main causes that will make a business make changes, reactive factor and proactive factors. Reactive factor are when external changes occur such. Political reasons like a new law/legislation has been passed by government and this could have a direct effect on your business. Economic factors also will play a major role in making changes to the business; these could be anything from consumers buying trends and economic performance to government tax increases, international exchange rates and interest rate fluctuations. Social awareness is vital when it comes to making business changes as this will massively influence any changes that you put into place, if not researched properly and managed effectively you could make huge mistakes when it comes to advertising and public relations. By monitoring consumers buying preferences and competitors behaviour you will be able to make any changes with the knowledge that they will be relevant. New technology will help a business to be more efficient and competitive and by having the latest/newest technology, that could be what make you stand out over your rivals; you must constantly research new technology because all technology has a life cycle and by being contempt with what you currently have could lead to you falling behind in the marketplace. One helpful way of thinking about the reactive factors influencing change is to use the PEST acronym. Political, Economic, Social, Technology. The other main reason that will cause a business to make changes is when the company has a desire to improve or has internal demands that must be met, this is called a proactive change and this can be of a financial nature such as – implementing a new way to reduce waste efficiently, or launching a new cutting edge product. But it could also be a way to improve the business moral and wellbeing with changes like refitting communal areas (toilets etc.) and enhancement courses such as- first aid training. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of supporting change in a business environment 1. Identify the main reasons for reviewing working methods, products and / or services in a business environment. In a business environment nothing stays the same and therefore you must continually review your working methods, products and services to ensure that they are still relevant, suitable and efficient. Companies review their services and products regularly so that they can keep up to date with the expectations of their customers. This will ensure the company can stay competitive and meet its targets and objectives. If a change has to be made to a service or product that you offer this could mean that related procedures need to be reviewed to ensure they are still correct and efficient. Any successful business will follow the principle continual reviewing of the working methods and services, making changes to improve them, reviewing these changes and then making further changes, by doing this you will always be confident in your product. 2. When a business is going through change: a) Describe the different types of support that people may need. When a business goes through change it can cause employees to feel unhappy, stressed or anxious this can cause them to be withdrawn and uncooperative when it comes to learning and adapting to the implemented changes Supporting people during change is important as failure to do this could be harmful to the person/s involved and to the business. Different types of support that can help people during change include: Effective planning of how different people will react to the change. Participation and keeping staff informed of progress or changes. Training or retraining so all staff members are confident in their new roles or expectations. Encouragement and other supportive behaviours by reassuring, supporting, guidance and by giving praise. Counselling or coaching with staffs that appears unable to deal with the changes or with external issues. b) Explain the benefits of working with others. When a business is going through changes it is always better to work as part of a team because it will create camaraderie and with others there you can always ask for assistance or advice if you have a concerns, as a business you should always try make staff work in groups when implementing changes as with this format you will be able to reduce the risk of individuals becoming isolated and it will help to create a framework for mutual support and problem solving. Section 3 – Understand how to respond to change in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with): a) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in working methods. As I am familiar with working in a commercial kitchen environment I have to be able to respond positively to change as they happen possibly more often than anywhere else. For example if the head chef decides to make changes the menus then I have to be able to adapt and make the relevant changes immediately because failure to do this could result in products being made incorrectly and will be returned at cost to the company this would mean that  I would have to remake the dish correctly therefore costing me valuable time/resources especially if the restaurant is busy. If I was to make too many mistakes then this would have a negative impact on the moral of the kitchen and could end up with me being sent out of the kitchen and possibly losing my job because of my ineptness, on the other hand if the head chef was to see that I was responding the change positively then he might feel that he could move me onto a more complex station this would give me a confidence boost and encourage me to continue my good work. b) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in products or services. All companies need to update or change their products from time to time in order to be competitive and all employees including myself have to accept that changes will have to be made to the way in which we work but by being positive to the changes it will show my employer that I am willing to adapt to any changes and that i show a willingness to learn new methods and techniques that could improve the way that I work, this will create a positive image of me in my employer’s and fellow colleagues eyes. By adapting the skills that I have acquired I may be able to offer advice on the effectiveness of any changes. In the long-run this could benefit me by enhancing my career prospects within the company. c) Identify ways of responding positively to change. All business wants staff that can respond positively to change and look out for people who can show that they have a willingness to learn new skills and procedures and those that can apply what they have learned into the workplace. They are the sort of people that will seek out answers and ask questions in order to find solutions to problems/difficulties and find it enjoyable when they have a chance to change and adapt. They will also be willing to share their knowledge, skills and experience. They will try to help others to adapt to the changes. And by keeping a happy can-do attitude you can prevent yourself from becoming stressed or anxious and this could encourage others to feel more positive Once you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.